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Moore--Biology > DNA Replication > Flashcards

DNA Replication Flashcards

1
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

Nucleotides.

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2
Q

What do nucleotides consist of?

A

(3) A deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a base.

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3
Q

What are the four bases?

A

Cytosine, Adenine, Guanine, and Thymine.

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4
Q

What does cytosine pair with?

A

Guanine. (CG)

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5
Q

What does adenine pair with?

A

Thymine (AT)

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6
Q

What does guanine pair with?

A

Cytosine (CG)

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7
Q

What does thymine pair with?

A

Adenine (AT)

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8
Q

Is there ever a U in DNA?

A

Nope!

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9
Q

What are DNA nucleotides linked together by and where is it?

A

By a covalent bond, between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of another.

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10
Q

What do DNA molecules consist of?

A

Two strands of nucleotides, wound together into a double helix.

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11
Q

What kind of bond links the two strands of nucleotides together and where does it form?

A

Hydrogen bonds, and between the bases of the two strands.

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12
Q

What is complementary base pairing?

A

C hydrogen bonding with G, and A hydogen bonding with T.

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13
Q

What is a conservative model?

A

Parental bound with parental and daughter with daughter.

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14
Q

What is a dispersive model?

A

Parent and daughter strands of DNA mixed together.

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15
Q

What is a semi-conservative model?

A

Each DNA molecule formed by replication consists of one new strand and one old strand (conserved from the parent DNA molecule). This is the accepted model.

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16
Q

If the four strands of nucleotides were numbered 1 2 3 4, which would be the parent, and which would be the daughter strands?

A

Parent: 1, 4. Daughter: 2, 3.

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17
Q

How is a DNA double helix unwound and separated into strands?

A

By breaking the hydrogen bonds.

18
Q

What is helicase?

A

An enzyme that breaks down hydrogen bonds between nitrogen-based pairs, exposing the bases to build off of sequence.

19
Q

When the free nucleotides are matched again with the parent strand, what is the main enzyme involved?

A

DNA Polymerase.

20
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

It grabs and places the appropriate nucleotide with the corresponding nitrogen base to build off the parent strand.

21
Q

What does 5’ and 3’ mean?

A

Five prime and three prime.

22
Q

At how many points is DNA replication initiated in eukaryotic chromosomes?

A

More than one, because replication is bi-directional.

23
Q

What two processes allow the information in the gene to be decoded during the making of the polypeptide?

A

Transcription and translation.

24
Q

What are three differences between RNA and DNA?

A

Number of strands in the molecule: RNA has one strand only while DNA has two strands (which form the double helix).
Type of sugar in each nucleotide: RNA: Ribose. DNA: Deoxyribose.
Types of bases contained: RNA: A, C, G, Uracil. DNA: A, C, G, T.

25
Q

What does RNA do?

A

RNA directs the synthesis of polypeptides.

26
Q

Where are polypeptides made?

A

In the cytoplasm

27
Q

What does mRNA stand for?

A

messenger RNA because it carries the information out into the cytoplasm.

28
Q

What is transcription?

A

The copying of a base sequence of a gene by making an RNA molecule.

29
Q

In transcription, what does adenine bind with?

A

Uracil.

30
Q

What is a codon?

A

A group of three bases.

31
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

A codon, which corresponds one amino acid.

32
Q

What is being translated in translation?

A

The genetic code, using mRNA and tRNA.

33
Q

What does tRNA stand for?

A

Transfer RNA.

34
Q

What is THE rule in the DNA replication process?

A

The newly replicate strand (daughter strand) builds in a 5’ to 3’ direction.

35
Q

What does that mean in terms of which end is first/last?

A

The new five prime end is first, and the new three prime end is last for replication.

36
Q

How do you figure out which direction the replications are going in?

A

Figure out the helicase’s direction (where has it been, where is it going to?). Then, know that to form a replicate, it goes from 5’ –> 3’.

37
Q

Where does helicase go in correspondence with the origin of replication?

A

Helicase ALWAYS goes away from the point of replication.

38
Q

Which strand follows the direction of the helicase?

A

The leading daughter strand.

39
Q

What strand goes away from the helicase, and what are the fragments called?

A

The lagging daughter strand, and the segments are the okasaki fragments.

40
Q

What is DNA polymerase’s job in DNA replication?

A

It’s job is still to grab and place the appropriate nucleotides with the correct N-base to build off the P-strand.

41
Q

How do you know which strand end is the 5’ and which one’s the 3’?

A

The 5’ is the one with the phosphate group, while the 3’ is the end with a hydroxyl group (OH).

42
Q

What does anti-parallel mean?

A

That each side of the double helix runs in opposite directions.

Moore--Biology (16 decks)

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