Anti-invective and Anti-inflammatory drugs

Question 1

beta lactam characteristics are that they

Answer 1

inhibit cell wally synthesis

Question 2

cross sensitivities

Answer 2

Penicillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic and can therefore cross react with other beta-lactam antibiotics (if person is allergic to one type of antibiotic more likely to be allergic to another type)

Question 3

classification of beta-lactam antibiotics

Answer 3

• penicillin’s
• cephalosporins (1st, 2nd 3rd, 4th generations)
• carbapenems
• monobactams

Question 4

penicillin g is rapidly excreted by

Answer 4

kidneys

Question 5

Penicillin G risk of ..

Answer 5

hypersensitivity

potential for cross- sensitivity with cephalosporins and carbapenems

Question 6

penicillin’s indications for use…. more effective in..

Answer 6

more effective in gram (+) than gram (-) infections

Question 7

penicillin G is not effective through what route of administration?

Answer 7

orally, because inactivated by gastric acid

Question 8

Metronidazole (Flagyl): Clinical indications for use include prevention or treat-ment of anaerobic bacterial infections (eg, in colorectal surgery, intra-abdominal infections) and treatment of C. diffi cile infections associated with pseudomembranous colitis.
Metronidazole can increase the effects of what drug?????

Answer 8

warfarin

Question 9

principle of antimicrobial therapy; DRUG selection depends on…

Answer 9

depends on organism causing infection - test for organism before treatment

Question 10

how antibiotics work?

Answer 10

• inhibition of bacterial wall synthesis
• inhibition of protein synthesis
• disruption of microbial cell membranes
• inhibition of organism reproduction
• inhibition of cell metabolism and growth

Question 11

bacteria are classified as either

Answer 11

gram negative or gram postive

Question 12

gram positive bacteria are a class of bacteria ..

Answer 12

that take up the crystal violet stain used in the gram staining method of bacterial infection

Question 13

gram negative infections tend to occur

Answer 13

below the diaphragm

Question 14

gram positive infections tend to occur

Answer 14

above the diaphragm

Question 15

antibiotic classification: bactericidal

Answer 15

kills organisms

Question 16

antibiotic classification: bacteriostatic

Answer 16

• inhibits growth of organsim’s
• treatment depends on the ability of the host’s immune system to eliminate the inhibited bacteria and an adequate duration of drug therapy

Question 17

Antimicrobial principles of therapy

Answer 17

• avoid use of broad spectrum antibiotics
• give when specific organisms are diagnosed
• do not repeat same antibiotic within 90 days
• if indicated collect specimens before beginning therapy
• match the drug to the bug
• peri-operative use: single dose given within 2 hours of first incision

Question 18

most cephalosporins are excreted

Answer 18

through the kidneys

Question 19

Probenecid (Benuryl)

Answer 19

can be given concurrently with penicillin to increase serum drug levels

Question 20

Carbapenems IM injection

Answer 20

lidocaine is used in preparation of the solution for IM injection to decrease pain with administration

Question 21

aminoglycosides mechanism of action

Answer 21

multifactoral but ultimately involves inhibition of protein synthesis

Question 22

aminoglycosides are poorly absorbed from

Answer 22

the GI tract

Question 23

Aminoglycosides have a synergistic action when combined with

Answer 23

ampicillin, PCN G, or vancomycin in treatment of enterococcal infections

Question 24

aminoglycerides can cause serious toxicities these are:

Answer 24

• nephrotoxicity (renal failure)

- ototoxicity (auditory impairment and vestibular (8th cranial nerve) irreversible due to cumulative dose

Question 25

one guideline for reducing toxicity of aminoglycosides is..

Answer 25

keep patients hydrated

Question 26

Fluoroquinolones: adverse effects

Answer 26

• phototoxicity
• neurotoxicity ( apnea - caused by neuromuscular blockade is more likely to occur after rapid IV injection, watch for residual effects of anasthesia)
• articular damage
• avoid exposure to sunlight

Question 27

Tetracycline are broad spectrum antibiotics and are

Answer 27

bacteriostatic

Question 28

tetracycline side effects:

Answer 28

• discoloration of permanent teeth
• may retard fetal skeleton if taken during pregnancy
• Alteration in intestinal flora may result in: super-infection (overgrowth of nonsusceptible organisms such as candida)

Question 29

Tetracycline cautions:

Answer 29

• avoid antacids to avoid chelation with minerals

- photosensitization: avoid sun exposure

Question 30

sulfonamide are broad spectrum and

Answer 30

bacteriostatic

Question 31

sulfonamides side effects

Answer 31

• photosensitivety

- crystalluria

Question 32

sulfonamides patient teaching

Answer 32

• avoid the sun
• fluid intake
• give before meals with a full glass of h20

Question 33

drugs for UTI

Answer 33

-food increases bioavalability

Question 34

urinary antiseptics

Answer 34

asses renal status before drug administration

Question 35

Macrolides and ketolides: erythromycin

Answer 35

-is used less often because of microbial resistance, drug interactions, and development of newer macrolides

Question 36

erythromycin’s

Answer 36

usually cause severe GI distress, so should be taken with food

Question 37

clindamycin

Answer 37

-C. diff

Question 38

metronidazole:

Answer 38

no alcohol, drug of choice for c.diff, associated with pseudomebranous colitis

Question 39

Vancomyocin adverse effects:

Answer 39

red man or red neck syndrome

Question 40

Daptomycin

Answer 40

in serum CK symptoms of myopathy -> discontinuation of daptomycin. Use with other drugs that might produce rhabdomyolysis (eg, statin cholesterol-lowering drug) may increase the risk of musculoskeletal toxicity.

Question 41

tuberculosis =

Answer 41

infectious disease that usually affects the lungs

multiplies slowly and remains dormant for years

Question 42

primary antitubercular drugs:

Answer 42

Isoniazid- most commonly used

rifabution- used in patients with HIV with MAC