Blood

Question 1

Name the functions of blood

Answer 1

Transport oxygen from lungs to body, CO2 from body to lungs, nutrients from intestines to body organs, wastes from body to kidneys, hormones and enzymes, and cells of the immune system.
Regulate body temperature
Protect against blood loss by clotting
Connective tissue

Question 2

Plasma make up

Answer 2

55% of blood is plasma. 92% of plasma is water. Contains ions, nutrients, wastes, hormones. three main proteins: albumin, globulins, fibrinogen. and regulatory proteins

Question 3

Albumin

Answer 3

gives blood viscosity, responsible for the colloid pressure which draws fluid from interstitial space back into the blood vessels. maintains osmolarity
most abundant plasma protein

Question 4

Globulins

Answer 4

antibodies, aka immunoglobulins. 37% of plasma proteins.

Question 5

Fibrinogen

Answer 5

element of coagulation. clotting factors convert fibrinogen into long insoluble strands called fibrin. When centrifuged, clotted blood will separate and you can get a fluid called serum without the clotting factors

Question 6

Regulatory protein

Answer 6

enzymes and hormones, less than 1% of plasma proteins

Question 7

Erthrocytes

Answer 7

about 45% of blood, males have slightly more. main purpose to transport O2 and CO2
Anucleate

Question 8

Hematocrit or Packet Cell Volume

Answer 8

the RBC volume/total cell volume. males 40-50%, females 36-44%

Question 9

Erythropoiesis

Answer 9

production of RBCs, occurs in red bone marrow which is close to midline. stimulated by erythopoietin

Question 10

Bone marrow

Answer 10

2 types, red: actively produces blood cells and yellow: can produce cells and become red.
At birth all is red

Question 11

Hemoglobin

Answer 11

and RBC is 97% hemoglobin which is an oxygen carrying protein

Question 12

Dead RBCs

Answer 12

recycled by macrophages in the spleen. heme is degraded to bilirubin, transported to liver and made into bile. iron goes into the bloodstream and is used in the red marrow.

Question 13

Jaundice

Answer 13

too much bilirubin in blood, excessive RBC destruction, insufficient liver manufacture of biliverdin (bile)

Question 14

blood typing

Answer 14

glycoproteins and glycolipids are surface antigens on cell membranes of all cells.

Question 15

Type A

Answer 15

has A antigens on the RBC. has type B antibodies present in plasma

Question 16

Type AB

Answer 16

has both A and B antigens on the RBC therefore has neither antibody

Question 17

Type O

Answer 17

has neither A or B antigens, therefore has both A and B antibodies. universal donor

Question 18

Rh factor

Answer 18

Antigen D. Rh positive has D antigen, no anti-D antibodies. Rh negative is opposite

Question 19

Hemolytic disease

Answer 19

Rh negative mother can carry an Rh positive fetus. when exposed to the blood of Rh+ fetus, Rh- mother produces anti D antibodies. avoided by giving synthetic anti D antibodies to mother

Question 20

Leukocytes

Answer 20

mobile army. function outside of the blood vessels in the connective tissue. larger than RBCs but fewer in number
Produced in bone marrow and released continuously

Question 21

Chemotaxis

Answer 21

move toward a site by following chemical attractants

Question 22

Diapedesis

Answer 22

move into the tissues through small openings between the endothelial cells of capillaries and post-capillary venules, due to chemotaxis

Question 23

Neutrophils

Answer 23

multi-lobed nuclei. most abundant. defense against bacterial infections. active phagocytosis, quick to site of infection as first line of defense. granules are digestive enzymes to digest bacteria. can also release enzymes extra cellularly

Question 24

Eosinophils

Answer 24

nucleus has two lobes (earmuffs), 2-4% of white blood cells. fight parasite infections, mediate allergic reactions, and phagocytosis of antigen/antibody complex, granules are digestive enzymes

Question 25

Basophils

Answer 25

nucleus has 2 lobes connected in U shape (basically just a big blob), 1% of WBCs, release histamine during allergic reaction, function similar to mast cells in tissues

Question 26

Monocytes

Answer 26

nucleus is dark and kidney shaped. 3-8% of WBCs, precursor to the macrophage but found in the circulatory system

Question 27

Lymphocytes

Answer 27

large, dark nucleus. 20-25% of WBCs. major component of immune system. T and B lymphocytes. produced in bone marrow

Question 28

B-lymphocytes

Answer 28

stimulated against an antigen, become plasma cells and make antibodies against the antigen, then the antigen-antibody complex phagocytized by macrophage. educated in Bone marrow

Question 29

T-lymphocytes

Answer 29

T-helper (stimulate B-lymphocytes and T-cytotoxic) and T-cytotoxic cells (cell-to-cell killers). Educated in Thymus.

Question 30

Platelets

Answer 30

not actual cells, fragments enclosed by plasma membrane. derived from megakaryocytes
Blood clot formation

Question 31

Blood clot formation

Answer 31

1: fibrin, from fibrinogen in plasma, forms a network with platelets to trap the RBCs in to a clot
2-actin and myosin fibers contract to tighten clot and close laceration

Question 32

High neutrophil count

Answer 32

bacterial infection

Question 33

High eosinophil count

Answer 33

parasite infection or allergies

Question 34

Low hematocrit or RBC count

Answer 34

anemic

Question 35

Hematopoiesis

Answer 35

blood cell formation, occurs in bone marrow. all blood cells originate from stem cells which differentiate into myeloid stem cells (all blood cells except lymphocytes) and lymphoid cell (form lymphocytes)