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Microbiology Lab > Microbiology Exam 3 > Flashcards

Microbiology Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Botulism

A

Etiology: Clostridium botulinum, Gram positive, bacillus, motile, endospores, obligate anaerobe
Reservoir: SOIL
Transmission: wound, food borne, infant
-Not an infection, technically and intoxication except for infant botulism where the vegetative cells cause the problem.
-Typical home canned vegetables
Signs and Symptoms: weakness, face drooping, fatigue, paralysis- muscle paralysis
Treatment and Prevention:
-antitoxins: antibodies for toxins
-antibiotics for vegetative cells

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2
Q

Cholera

A

Etiology: bacterial disease: Vibrio cholerae, flagella,
Reservoir: Humans
Transmission: indirect, fecal-oral
Signs and Symptoms: Very similar to travelers diarrhea, watery diarrhea. “rice water stools”, vomiting, rapid heart rate,
Treatment and Prevention: Replacing fluids/hydration-oral rehydration solution
Prevention- proper sanitation and vaccine

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3
Q

Hepatitis B

A

Etiology: Hepatitis B virus
Reservoir: Humans
Transmission: Sharing infected bodily fluids
Signs and Symptoms: Abdominal pain, dark urine, loss of appetite, jaundice, failure of liver
Treatment and Prevention: No treatment, hepatitis B vaccine

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4
Q

Herpes

A

Etiology: Virus Herpes simplex viruses HSV-1 and HSV-2
Reservoir: Humans
Transmission: HSV-1: contact with the saliva of carriers
-HSV-2: through sexual contact
Signs and Symptoms: Many may never develop symptoms, watery blisters, cold sore, lesions and sores on genitals
Treatment and Prevention: No treatment, antivirals lessen severity of flare ups

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5
Q

Lyme Disease

A

Etiology: Borrelia burgdorferi, spirochete, motile, anaerobic
Reservoir: white footed mouse, ticks
Transmission: through vectors, aka ticks
Signs and Symptoms: fever, chills, swollen lymph nodes, rashes, joint pAIN, SWELLING, facial palsy
Treatment and Prevention: antibiotics, insect repellant

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6
Q

Necrotizing fasciitis

A

Etiology: Streptococcus pyogene, gram positive, motile
Reservoir: Humans
Transmission: cut, wound, or insect bite, poor immunity
Signs and Symptoms: red, swelling, violet blisters, peeling, flakiness, pain, diarrhea, dehydration, toxic shock
Treatment and Prevention: surgery, antibiotics

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7
Q

Rabies

A

Etiology: Rabies virus
Reservoir: Raccoons, bats, skunks, foxes, coyotes
Transmission: Saliva of infected animal
Signs and Symptoms: fever, cerebral dysfunction, delirium, agitation, anxiety, confusion, abnormal behavior
Treatment and Prevention: Human rabies immune globulin and vaccines for bites

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8
Q

Syphilis

A

Etiology: Treponema pallidum, spirochete, gram negative, motile
Reservoir: Human
Transmission: sexual contact
Signs and Symptoms: can be infected for years without knowing, lymph nodes begin to swell, four stages:primary, secondary, latent, tertiary. rashes, headache, fatigue, neurological problems,
Treatment and Prevention: law of chastity, antibiotics

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9
Q

Typhoid Fever

A

Etiology: Salmonella typhi, gram negative, bacillus, motile, aerobic, flagella
Reservoir: Humans
Transmission: fecal-oral
Signs and Symptoms: constant high fever, spotty rash, stomach pain, flu symptoms
Treatment and Prevention: fluids, vaccination, antibiotics

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10
Q

Zika Virus

A

Etiology: Zika virus
Reservoir: mosquitos
Transmission: bite of mosquito, mother to fetus, sexual contact
Signs and Symptoms: fever, rash, red eyes, aches and pains
Treatment and Prevention: rest, fluids, tylenol, insect repellant, safe sex

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11
Q

First wall

A

skin, mucosal membranes, secretions: lactic acid, fatty acid

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12
Q

Second wall

A

non-specific internal defenses

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13
Q

Third layer

A

antigen specific immune responses

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14
Q

If you feel sick that means that the pathogen has made it to what wall?

A

the third

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15
Q

Examples of first wall

A
  • tears
  • lysozyme
  • stomach acid
  • normal flora
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16
Q

Examples of second wall

A
  • Neutrophils, basophils, and macrophages; cell eating organisms
  • natural killer cells
  • inflammation
  • fever
  • interferons
  • Always present and ready to go, non-specific
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17
Q

Interferons

A

interfere with viral replication

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18
Q

Examples of third wall

A
  • Activated b-cells
  • activated t-cells
  • –cytotoxic t-cell
  • –helper t-cell
  • must be exposed to be activated
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19
Q

CD8 cells

A

cytotoxic t-cells

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20
Q

CD4 cells

A

helper t-cells

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21
Q

MHC class 1

A

found on ALL nucleated cells

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22
Q

MHC class 2

A

found on antigen-presenting cells (APC’s)

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23
Q

Chemotaxis

A

chemical detection of a phagocyte that leads them out of the blood vessel to the infection
-attachment proteins are produced, phagocytes start sticking, then they find a gap.

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24
Q

Diapedesis

A

white blood cells squeeze through blood vessel walls.

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25
Q

Obstenin

A

anything that enhances phagocytosis, compliment proteins. Coating antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosis with macrophages

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26
Q

Is the third wall adaptive or innate?

A

adaptive

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27
Q

Specificity

A

b-cells and t-cells are activated by ANTIGENS

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28
Q

Memory

A

activated cells have a better response to Ag that have entered the body 2 or more times.

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29
Q

What are two elements of the third wall?

A

specificity and memory

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30
Q

Antigens

A

foreign substances (proteins, carbohydrates, etc)

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31
Q

epitopes

A

subcategory of an antigen, recognizes specific antigen

32
Q

B-cells produce what?

A

antibodies, only effective against EXTRACELLULAR ANTIGENS = B-CELLS

33
Q

Cytotoxic t-cells do what?

A

attack and destroy infected cells and cancer, only effective against INTRACELLULAR ANTIGENS = CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS

34
Q

Humoral

A

antibody mediated immunity- extracellular

35
Q

Cellular

A

cell mediated immunity- intracellular

36
Q

Helper t-cells do what?

A

Help activate b-cells and cytotoxic (CD8) t-cells

37
Q

What cells undergo screening?

A

All t-cells, don’t want to recognize self

38
Q

Specific immunity process- activation of helper t-cells

A
  • macrophages, dendritic cells and other APC’s carry out phagocytosis.
  • they process and present the Ag on MHC class 2
  • Helper t-cells then come in contact with the APC’s to become activated
  • Helper t-cells can then “help” b-cells and cytotoxic t-cells become activated
39
Q

What does it mean for a specific immune cell to be “naive”

A

the cells have not been activated yet

40
Q

What is released by CD4 cells when a match is found?

A

cytokines

41
Q

What is critical for MHC class 2?

A

phagocytosis, takes piece of antigen and displays it on exterior

42
Q

Cytotoxic t-cell activation

A

-dendritic cells present Ag on MHC class 1 for CD8 cells
-helper t-cells required for activation: tells the cell “yes, you’ve got one”
-Once the cell is activated it goes on patrol to each cell
(hand grenade analogy)

43
Q

normal cells present self protein on what class of of histo compatible complex?

A

MHC class 1

44
Q

If a cell is infected with a virus, how the the cell tell the outside world?

A

By displaying a fragment of the virus on the MHC class 1 which a CD8 cell will come along and recognize then cause cell lysis

45
Q

Protein Ag vs Carbohydrate Ag

A

carbohydrate antigens are not found on human cells. They are on bacterial capsules,
-Most of the time antibodies target PROTEINS rather than carbohydrates.

46
Q

T- independent

A

carbohydrate, does not need help from helper t-cells, starts replicating and producing antibodies immediately

47
Q

T-dependent

A

proteins, most common, b-cell binds to antigen, engulfs it, presents antigen on MHC class 2 and then helper t-cell comes and confirms that it is an antigen

48
Q

Antibodies

A

y shaped proteins that bind

49
Q

Neutralization

A

blocks adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mucosa

  • blocks active site of toxin
  • toxin like snake venom and tetanus toxin
50
Q

Classes of Ab (antibodies, immunoglobulins)

A

IgD, IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE

51
Q

IgD

A

Ag receptor, membrane receptor

52
Q

IgM

A

pentameter, half life five days

53
Q

IgG

A

highest numbers in blood, half life 23 days, crosses placenta

54
Q

IgA

A

dimer, half life 6 days, secretions

55
Q

IgE

A

half life three days, enhances inflammation, binds to mast cells and basophils
-excessive IgE equates to allergies

56
Q

Immunizations

A

a vaccine is made from ANTIGENS to promote the immune response for down the road

57
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

immune reaction that occurs in an exaggerated or inappropriate fashion
-allergies

58
Q

Allergies

A

an exaggerated immune response to a harmless substance

-excessive inflammation

59
Q

Hay fever

A

immune response to plant pollen, memory b-cells that have mad that class switch remember that

60
Q

IgE binding

A

can bind to mast cells and basophils and act as an ag- receptor

61
Q

Mast cells and basophils job

A

produce inflammation, results in a release of histamine and other chemicals

62
Q

Histamine

A

trigger inflammation and allergy symptoms

63
Q

Asthma

A

same process as allergies but the histamine and inflammatory chemicals is released in the lungs and cause the smooth muscle to contract.

64
Q

Desensitization

A 
method to cure allergies, exposing body to antigen via vaccine shot
-b-cells will start making the correct class Ag and then the IgA antibody will bind to the antigen
65
Q

Shock

A

low blood pressure, body-wide blood vessel dilation

66
Q

Transplant rejection

A 
Foreign proteins cause immune response, MHC class 1 itself is the antigen that causes the problems
-cytotoxic t-cells attack these cells just like they would a tumor or virus infected cell
67
Q

Autoimmunity

A

immune system reacting against normal body protein

-Helper b-cells

68
Q

HIV vs AIDS

A

Human immuno virus causes the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

69
Q

HIV

A

infects helper t-cells and CD4, degradation of CD4 cells means that people die from common things

70
Q

Blood typing

A

A, B, AB, O glycoproteins on outside of red blood cells

71
Q

Rh-factor

A

if it has the Rh-protein then the blood type is positive, if it does not, its negative

72
Q

How do leukocytes recognize pathogens?

A

Manos recognition

73
Q

Simplified process of help t-cell activation

A

APC (macrophage) engulfs pathogen and presents it, CD4 binds to MHC class 2 presenting antigen. The helper says hey i’ve got one, the macrophage says sure enough and then releases cytokines to activate helper t-cells

74
Q

Can b-cells release cytokines?

A

no, only macrophages (other APC’s) can release cytokines

75
Q

Benefit of compliment and antibodies?

A

huge enhancement for phagocytosis

76
Q

Complement elements

A
  1. enhancement
  2. increase inflammation
  3. killing
77
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

cells in the bone marrow can turn into any of the leukocytes

Microbiology Lab (9 decks)

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