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Microbiology Lab > Class Final > Flashcards

Class Final Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology

A

study of disease

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2
Q

Pathogenesis

A

manner in which a disease develops

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3
Q

Infection

A

invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms

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4
Q

Disease

A

change from a state of health

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5
Q

Normal flora

A

microbiota, microorganisms that carry out normal processes

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6
Q

Transient microbiota

A

live in or on you for a while and then leaves

-group b strep

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7
Q

opportunistic pathogens

A

normal flora given the right opportunity can be infectious

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8
Q

signs

A

what you can see/measure

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9
Q

symptoms

A

what the patient feels

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10
Q

incubation

A

bacteria growing but you have no signs and symptoms

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11
Q

prodromal stage

A

symptoms but very general

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12
Q

illness stage

A

characteristic symptoms

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13
Q

period of decline

A

illness declines

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14
Q

period of resolution

A

illness is basically gone

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15
Q

three types of spread

A

communicable, contagious, noncommunicable

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16
Q

communicable

A

can be passed

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17
Q

contagious

A

can be passed very readily

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18
Q

noncommunicable

A

cannot be passed from person to person

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19
Q

Sporadic

A

no real pattern

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20
Q

endemic

A

constantly present

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21
Q

epidemic

A

disease occurring in excess of normal epidemic

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22
Q

pandemic

A

worldwide epidemic

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23
Q

Acute

A

rapid onset, rapid clearing

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24
Q

chronic

A

slow onset, last very long

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25
Q

latent

A

show symptom, periods in-between

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26
Q

Local infection

A

strep, cut, old

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27
Q

systemic infection

A

whole body

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28
Q

primary infection

A

first infection followed by secondary

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29
Q

subclinical or asymptomatic

A

carrier of pathogen without symptoms, chronic

30
Q

Nosocomial infection

A

infection contracted at a hospital

31
Q

Germ theory

A

Robert Koch, worked with bacillus anthrax

32
Q

five requirements for pathogens to be pathogenic

A

entry, attachment, survival, damage, exit

33
Q

portal of entry

A

mucus membrane, skin, parental routes (punctures)

34
Q

Virulence factors

A

factors that contribute to a pathogens success and ability to cause disease

35
Q

Ebola

A

Etiology: Ebola virus
Reservoir: animals like bats, humans
Transmission: direct contact of fluids
Signs and Symptoms: fever, severe headache, fatigue, unexplained hemorrhaging. Symptoms may appear anywhere from 2-21 days
Treatment and Prevention: sustaining individual until they can fight off the virus i.e fluids, oxygen, and blood pressure medication
-prevent contact with infected individuals

36
Q

HIV

A

Etiology: Human immunodeficiency virus 1 and 2, enveloped
Reservoir: Humans
Transmission: sexual contact or contaminated needles
Signs and Symptoms:2-4 weeks brief flu symptoms, enters latent stage, can develop AIDS within 10 years down the road
Treatment and Prevention: safe sex, anti-retroviral drug therapy

37
Q

HPV

A

Etiology: Papillomaviridae
Reservoir: Humans
Transmission: sexual contact of contact with contaminated fluids
Signs and Symptoms: commonly asymptomatic, genital warts, some develop into cancer
Treatment and Prevention: vaccines Cervarix and Gardasil, safe sex

38
Q

MRSA

A

Etiology: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, gram positive, non-motile, staphylococcal, produces endotoxin
Reservoir: humans
Transmission: objects contaminated with human flora, skin to skin contact, sharing personal items, open wounds
Signs and Symptoms: red, swollen, pus filled lesion on skin, painful, Often confused with spider bite
Treatment and Prevention: drainage of pus, antibiotic NOT in penicillin family.
-avoid sharing personal items and keep wounds clean

39
Q

The Cold

A

Etiology: Rhinovirus, naked virus, very very small, 100 different serotypes
Reservoir: humans
Transmission: 1 virus can cause infection, confined to upper respiratory tract, droplets and direct and indirect contact
Signs and Symptoms: flu like symptoms
Treatment and Prevention: fluids and rest, wash hands and be cautious when around sick people

40
Q

The Flu

A

Etiology: Influenza virus, 2 different protein spikes- Hand N, 8 segments which allows for reassortment
Reservoir: humans, can come from animals from antigenic shift
Transmission: droplets, fomites, confined to upper respiratory system
Signs and Symptoms: flu symptoms
Treatment and Prevention: liquids, rest, vaccine, Tamiflu within 24-48 hours of infection

41
Q

Pneumonia

A

Etiology: streptococcal pnemoniea, gram positive, coccal, polysaccharide capsule
Reservoir: humans
Transmission: opportunistic pathogen, secondary infection
Signs and Symptoms: mucus in lungs, flu symptoms
Treatment and Prevention: antibiotics, maintaining healthy flora

42
Q

Attachment

A

fimbriae and capsules

43
Q

Anti-phagocytic structures

A

capsule, cell walls

44
Q

Damage

A

enzymes, endotoxins (LPS), exotoxins

45
Q

Exoenzymes

A

released from cells and damage host tissues

  • Luekocidins- kill white blood cells
  • Hemolysins- cause the lysis of RBC’s
46
Q

Hemolysins

A
  • beta hemolysin-complete breakdown of red blood cell

- alpha hemolysin- incomplete breakdown of red blood cells

47
Q

Enzymes

A

streptokinase/staphylokinase, coagulase, collegenase, Hyaluronidase

48
Q

Streptokinase/staphylokinase

A

breaks down blood clots

49
Q

Coagulase

A

cause the formation of blood clots

-almost all pathogenic strains of s. aureus produce this enzyme

50
Q

Collegenase

A

breaks down collagen

-produced by clostridium perfringens that cause gas gangrene

51
Q

Hyaluronidase

A

breaks down connective tissue

- facilitates spread and causes damage

52
Q

Exotoxins

A

substances released from bacteria that damage tissue

53
Q

Erythrogenic toxins

A

damage cells lining capillaries and cause blood to leak out under skin
-scarlet fever

54
Q

enterotoxins

A

cause damage to gastrointestinal tract

-caused by an electrolyte imbalance causing water to flow into large intestine which results in diarrhea

55
Q

What cause the most damage?

A

toxins and enzymes

56
Q

What makes an enzyme?

A

If it catalyzes a chemical reaction

57
Q

What makes a toxin?

A

If it binds to a receptor

58
Q

Neurotoxins

A

inhibit the normal functioning of the nervous system

  • tetanus toxin blocks inhibitory nerve impulses that allow muscles to relax
  • botulinum toxin inhibits the functioning of motor neurons causing flaccid paralysis (muscles can’t contract)
59
Q

Super Antigens

A

toxins that cause major damage to the host

-toxic shock syndrome caused by super antigen produced by staphylococcus aureus

60
Q

Endotoxin

A

lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharide causes

  • fever
  • shock
  • rash
61
Q

Damage from the immune response

A

cross-reactive antibodies and strep throat

  • can lead to rheumatic fever
  • some pathogens cause damage by stimulating an excessive immune response
62
Q

Epidemiology

A

the study of when a where diseases occur

  • how they are transmitted
  • what the etiology (cause) is
  • how they can be controlled
63
Q

Morbidity

A

state of being diseased

64
Q

Mortality

A

death

65
Q

CDC

A

Center for disease control and prevention, nations center for epidemiology
-tracks infectious diseases nationwide

66
Q

WHO

A

worldwide health organization overseen by UN

67
Q

John Snow

A

Cholera outbreak, Broadstreet in London, took the handle off of the spout

68
Q

Mechanisms of transmission

A

from one person to another

  • direct - STD
  • indirect -fomite
  • droplet
69
Q

Vehicle transmission

A

transmission of disease by water, food, or air

70
Q

Vector transmission

A

fomites, insects

Microbiology Lab (9 decks)

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