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Cell Injury And Cell Death Flashcards

1
Q

Agents cells can be hurt by

A 
Hypoxia
Physical agents
Chemical agents
Micro organisms 
Immune mechanisms
Dietary insuffiency and deficiencies and dietary excess
Genetic abnormalities
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2
Q

Types of hypoxia

A

Hypoxaemic
Anaemic
Ischaemia
Histiocytic

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3
Q

Types of physical agents that damage cells

A

Direct trauma
Extremes of temperature
Sudden changes in atmospheric pressure

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4
Q

E.g. of chemical agents that can damage cells

A 
Glucose/ salt in hypertonic solutions
High conch of oxygen
Poisons
Insecticides
Herbicides
Asbestos
Alcohol 
Illicit drugs
Therapeutic drugs
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5
Q

What components of a cell are the principle targets of cell injury?

A

Cell membranes
Nucleus
Proteins
Mitochondria

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6
Q

What are free radicals?

A

Reactive oxygen species. They have a single unpaired electron in the outer shell- unstable configuration so react with other molecules to form other free radicals

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7
Q

What do free radicals do?

A

Attack lipids in cell membranes and cause lipid peroxidation
Damage proteins, carbs and nucleus acids
They are mutagenic

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8
Q

Examples of free radicals

A

Hydroxyl
Superoxide
Hydrogen peroxide

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9
Q

Enzymes used to break down free radicals

A

SOD
Catalase
Peroxidases

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10
Q

What do free radical scavengers do?

A

Neutralise free radicals

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11
Q

Examples of free radical scavengers

A

Vitamins A, C and E and glutathione

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12
Q

What does transferrin do?

A

Sequester iron

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13
Q

What does ceruloplasmin do?

A

Sequester copper

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14
Q

What catalysed the formation of free radicals?

A

Transition metals

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15
Q

Examples of heat shock proteins

A

Unfoldases
Stress proteins
Chaperoning

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16
Q

How is the heat shock response triggered?

A

Any form of injury

17
Q

Reversible changes of cell injury

A

Swelling, cytoplasmic blebs, chromatin clumps, ribosomes separate from the RER

18
Q

Irreversible changes of cell injury

A 
Increased swelling
Pyknosis, karyolysis, karyohexis
Swelling and rupture of lysosomes 
Membrane defects
Appearance of myelin figures 
Amorphous densities in swollen mitochondria
19
Q

Oncosis definition

A

Cell death with swelling, changes that occur prior to death by hypoxia and other agents

20
Q

Apoptosis definition

A

Cell death with shrinkage induced by a regulated intracellular program where the cell activates enzymes that degrade its own nuclear DNA and proteins

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