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Phys > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Liver

Carb Metab

A 
Store lots of glycogen
convert galactose/fructose
        -> glucose
gluconeogenesis
Form chem compounds from intermediate products
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2
Q

Protein Metab Liver

A

deamination of amino acids
form urea (for ammonia removal)
make plasma proteins
Transamination (transfer amino groups)

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3
Q

Liver

Fat Metab

A

Oxidation of FAs (energy)
make cholesterol, phospholipid, lipoproteins
Make fat from protein/carbs

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4
Q

Liver Metab Functions

A 
Store vitamins (A D B12)
Store iron as ferritin
Make proteins for blood coag cascade
Remove/excrete drugs/hormones 
   large fat soluble mlcs
Biotransforms drugs
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5
Q

Where do we reabsorb bile?

A 
Intestines (terminal)
    via secondary active transport
OR 
conjugated by bacteria and passive diffuse
go to liver and recycled
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6
Q

red blood cell destruction

A 
hemoglobin ->
  heme and globin
break down globin into AAs
save Fe
rest of heme = porphyrin
  unconjugated and fat soluble
liver adds glucuronic acid
=conjugated and excrete w/ bile
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7
Q

HDL
vs LDL
vs VL

A

High Density Lipoprotein: empty, less vol/ SA, more dense then water
mainly proteins/ phospholipids bc of shell membrane, low % triglycerides
pick up cholesterol from cells and bring to liver
VLDL: full of fat

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8
Q

Liver Makes

A 
Albumin
Bile Salts
Coag Factors; 
 fibrinogen
  Vit K dependents
   ProThrombin, 7, 10, 9
Apoferritin, transferrin
Immunologic proteins
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9
Q

Kuppfer cell

A

macrophage

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10
Q

Chylomicrons

A

not dense

low proteins, high triglycerides

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11
Q

Acetylcholine

A

From Vagus

action: > GI activity

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12
Q

Gastrin

stimulated by:
stretch
peptides/AAs
vagus via GRP

A

From: G-cells (pyloric antrum, duod, pancreas)
Received: Parietal and ECL cells
Action: stimulate HCl + histamine
> mixing/ lower GI motility

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13
Q

GIP
gastric inhibitory peptide

stimulated by:
food in duod/jejun

A 
From: K cells
     [duodenum, jejunum]
Received: 
Parietal cells, B cells, adipocytes
Action: 
 insulin, > lipoprotein lipase
 < HCl and gastric emptying
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14
Q

Secretin

Stimulated by:
acidic chyme

A

From:
S cells [duod, jejun]

Received by:
G cells, pancreas, liver

Action:
< gastrin,
> HCO3 (pancreas/small I/biliary)
> bile production

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15
Q

CCK
cholecystokinin

Stimulated by:
peptides/AA/fats

A 
FROM: 
I cells [duod, jejun]
Received BY: 
gallbladder, pancreas
ACTION: 
bile and enzyme release
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16
Q

Somatostatin

A 
FROM:
D Cells [pyloric antrum, duod, pancreas]
Received BY: 
G-cells, parietal cells
ACTION: 
< gastrin/ HCl
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17
Q

Histamine

also made by mast cells

A

FROM:
ECL Cells - stomach

Received BY:
Parietal Cells

ACTION:
> HCl

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18
Q

GRP

gastrin releasing peptide

A

FROM:
Vagus

Received BY:
G Cells - stomach

ACTION:
> Gastrin

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19
Q

Prostaglandins

A

FROM:
stomach mucousa

Received BY:
ECL Cells

ACTION:
< histamine

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20
Q

Serotonin

vasoactive neuropeptide

A

FROM:
EC Cells

ACTION:
> motility
vasoconstriction = peristalsis

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21
Q

Motilin

A

FROM:
M cells [duod, jejun]

ACTION:
> MMC
migrating myoelectric complex

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22
Q

Leptin

A

FROM:
Adipocytes

Received BY:
CNS
ACTION:
< hunger

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23
Q

Ghrelin

A

FROM:
ghrenlinergic cells of GI tract

Received BY:
CNS
ACTION:
> hunger

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24
Q

Peptide YY

A

FROM:
L cells [ileum, colon]

ACTION:
< hunger/ GI motility/ secretions

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25
Q

Portal Triad

A

Hepatic Portal vein 80%
Hepatic Artery 20%
Bile duct

also lymph and nerves

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26
Q

How much H2O GI tract absorb?

A

9-10 L/day

most in small intestine

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27
Q

Peristalsis by?

A

Muscularis Layer
-Circular and Longitudinal muscle layers
Controlled by:
myenteric plexus

28
Q

Arterial Blood Supply to GI Tract

A 
Celiac Artery
  Liver: hepatic A
  Spleen/ Stomach/ Pancreas
Superior Mesenteric Artery
  Pancreas
  Small Intestines
   Colon (ascend + transv)
Inferior Mesenteric Artery
   Colon (Descending)

All drain venous blood
–> liver via Portal Vein

29
Q

Stomach Lining

Mucosa

A 
@ surface: mucous cells
Gastric Pits
Gastric Glands
  Mucous Cells
  Parietal Cells
  Chief Cells
  Endocrine Cells
30
Q

Stomach Lining

Submucosa

A

blood supply

31
Q

Stomach Lining
Submucosa Layer

Muscularis layer

A

blood supply

3 Muscle layers

32
Q

Submucosal plexus

A

control secretions

Part of Enteric NS

33
Q

GI Tract Regulation

A 
Enteric NS
PSNS
   Vagal -> transverse colon
   pelvic nerves -> anus
SNS
  Celiac/superior/inferior messenteric/hypogastric plexes
CNS
   Chemo/mechano/osmo receptors
Hormones
34
Q

Carbohydrates

  • starches
  • fiber (can’t break down)
  • –> glucose
A 
Salivary Amylase (mouth)
  starch -> oligosaccharide
Pancreatic amylase  (duodenum)
   lactose/ maltose/ sucrose
Brush Border Enzymes (small I)
   lactase/ maltase/ sucrase
    -> Galactose/ glucose/ fructose
Absorbed 
Transported to Liver 
      via portal vein
35
Q

Proteins

–> Amino Acids

A 
Pepsin (w/ HCl present)
      denature to proteoses/peptones
Pancreatic Enzyme
    trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase
      cleave -> polypeptides/dipeptides
Brush Boarder Enzymes
  aminopeptidases, dipeptidases
   --> AAs
Absorbed
Transported to Liver 
      via portal vein
36
Q

Fat

-Triglycerides (unemulsified)

A 
Emulsifying agent (Small I)
  bile acid/ fatty acids, monoglyceride, lecithin, cholesterol, protein
 --> smaller blod of triglycerides
Pancreatic Lipases
   cleave to monoglycerides / glycerol / FA
Absorb in lacteals to 
  Liver via 
     Portal vein  (glycerol/ FAs)
  Systemic Circulation (chylomicrons)
      Thoracic Duct
37
Q

Migrating Myoelectric Complex

MMC

A

fasting state
controlled by Motilin (no vagus)
every 1-2hrs

38
Q

Basic Electric Rhythm

BER

A 
slow waves
Depolarized/ >amount of APs with: 
     stretch
     ACh,   PSNS
     Serotonin
SNS will < membrane potential
  ie # of APs
39
Q

Gall bladder

-contraction

A

Store and concentrate bile
Then release into duod
when stimulated by CCK and vagus

40
Q

Large Intestine

A 
3rd muscle layer =
   tanei coli
   -> sacs called haustrae
Absorb Na and H2O
   bacteria make Vit K and FAs
Lumpy, no villi
Movement: 
   peristalsis, 
   fast/expulsive 
    (eating, PNS, gastrin, CCK)
41
Q

Reflexes:

“Source” to “destination”

A 
Gastroileal:
   stomach full, ileum move stuff out
Gastrocolic: 
    stomach full, colon make room
ileogastric:
   ileum full- stomach don't empty
Cecoileal: 
    cecum full, ileum wait to empty
Rectosphincteric: 
    defecation reflex
42
Q

Mouth Secretions

A 
Saliva 
lingual lipase (fat digest)
salivary amylase (starch digest)
R proteins (transcobalamin)
43
Q

Stomach

Secretions

A 
HCl
intrinsic factor
Pepsinogen
gastric lipase
mucous
gastrin
somatostatin
histamine
44
Q

Small Intestine

Secretions

A 
buffers (mucus/ electrolytes)
enterokinase
Brush B disaccharides
Brush B peptidses
5HT
INTO BLOOD: (hormones)
  Somatostatin
   secretin, gastrin
   CCK, VIP, GIP, Motilin
45
Q

Liver and Gallbladder

Secretions

A

Bile

Buffers (electrolytes, bicarb)

46
Q

Pancreas

Secretions

A 
ENDOCRINE: 
  Insulin, Glucagon
  Somatostatin
EXOCRINE:
   Buffers (bicarb)
   Enzymes
      (trypsin, chymotrypsin, procarboxydase, lipase, colipase, proelastase, amylase
    Monitor Peptide
47
Q

Colon

Secretions

A

Mucus
K
Bicarb
(reabsorb some early)

48
Q

Salivary

Glands

A

Parotid Glands 25%
Submandibular 70%
Sublingual 5%

1.5 L/Day
Hypotonic to plasma
and more K

49
Q

Salivary

Formation

A

Acinar Cells:
secretion
Myoepithelial cells:
alpha fiber, contract

Contains
amylase, Na/K/Cl, HCO3

50
Q

Salivary
Control

More flow/output =
> saliva osmolarity
< reabsorption

A 
> FLOW:
   PSNS- ACh
    CNS (cephalic)
     Nausea, esoph distension
     Chewy/flavorfu/Dry food
     Acidic/alkaine foods
     Meats, sweets, bitter food
< FLOW
   SNS, NE
    ADH, Aldosterone
    Sleep
    dehydration
     Drug, Aging
51
Q

Parietal Cell

Produce what?

A 
HCl
   digest food, kill bacteria, 
    convert pepsinogen
Intrinsic factor/ R protein
     Vit B12 absorption

H/K ATPase Pump (lumen)
Na/K ATPase Pump (basolat)

absorb Na and secrete H
Take in H2O, + CO2
make H+ w/ carbonic anhydrase
reabsorb bicarb

52
Q

Endocrine Cell

Produce what?

A

Somatostatin
inhibit gastrin/HCl release
gastrin
stimulate parietal cell/ HCl

53
Q

Chief Cell

Produce what?

A

pepsinogen
digest protein
gastric lipase
digest fat

54
Q

R protein

A

protect Vit B12
high affinity for in acidic
cleaved by trypsin in duodenum
and intrinsic factor takes over

55
Q

Ghrelin

A

fasting hormone

stimulate hunger via hypothalamus

56
Q

Hormones that say “your full”

satiety effect

A

Leptin

Peptide YY

57
Q

Enterochromaffin-like Cell

ECL Cell

A

secrete histamine and serotonin

90% of body serotonin

58
Q

Stimulate HCl Secretion:

3

A

PSNS (ACh)
Gastrin
Histamine

59
Q

Inhibit HCl Secretion:

5

A 
Secretin
Somatostatin
GIP
Peptide YY
prostaglandins
60
Q

What stimulate chief cell to make pepsinogen?

A 
Vagus
gastrin
histamine
secretin
CCK
61
Q

3 Phases of Gastric Secretion

Cephalic

A

chemo/mechano-receptors
vagal effects
gastrin/ acid/ enzymes

62
Q

3 Phases of Gastric Secretion

Gastric Phase

A 
food in stomach
pH changes
acidic chyme --> 
   duodenum
Feedback to 
   < HCl and gastric emptying
63
Q

3 Phases of Gastric Secretion

Intestinal Phase

A

Intestinal mucosal secretions

Pancreatic/Liver/Gallbladder secretions

64
Q

Pancreas Cells

Acinar
Inner Centroacinar

A

Acinar:
–produce enzymes
Inner Centroacinar:
–produce bicarb

Secreted via Pancreatic Main Duct

65
Q

Enterokinase/ Enteropeptidase

A

activates trypsinogen to trypsin
in duodenum

Trypsinogen secreted by pancreas

66
Q

Micelle

A

transport lipids from lumen across water layer to enterocyte

The enterocyte re-esterified into chylomicron
enter lymph lacteal
bypass liver

Phys (3 decks)

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