Procaryotes, Protists, Plants, Fungi Flashcards
What are the classification of life
Do Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Silk? Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
What kingdom are considered as prokaryotes?
Bacteria and archaea
What are some characteristics of prokaryotes?
- They can tolerate extremes in conditions (Very low pH, High and Low tempratures, High salt concentrations, Radiations)
- They are extremely small
What are the types of Bacteria?
- Cocci
- Baccili
- Spirilla
Cocci
Bateria
- Singular is coccus
- Spherical prokaryotes that can be present on their own or in groups
If in: - Pairs; Diplococci
- In chains: Streptococci
- In clusters; Staphylococci
Bacilli
Bacteria
Singular form: Bacillus
- Rod-shaped bacteria often found solitary
- Can in in chains: Streptobacilli
Spirilla
Bateria
- Spiral shaped
- Type of bacteria found in syphilis
Characteristics of Bacteria
- Unicellular
- Simple genome –> circular chromosomes found in nucleoid
- Asexual reproduction –> Binary fission
- May have flagella
Endospores
Resistant cells formed by some bacteria which can withstand harsh conditions
What are the functions of cell walls in bacteria and archae ?
- Maintain shape
- Protect cell
- Prevent cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment because salt prevents growth of bacteria
What are the bacteria cell walls formed from?
Peptidoglycan
- Sugar polymers cross-linked by short peptides
Peptidoglycan
- Sugar polymers cross-linked by short peptides
- Compose bacteria cell walls
What are the archaea’s cell walls made of?
Polysaccharides and protein
- They may be surrounded by gelatinous capsule
What are the functions of the gelatinous capsule around the cell walls?
- Protect against host defenses
- Protect against dehydration
- Let them stick together
Phototrophs
Bacteria that get energy from the sun
Chemotrophs
Bacteria that get energy from chemicals
Autotrophs
Bacteria that get carbon from CO2
Heterotrophs
Bacteria that need carbon from an organic source
How do photoautotrophs eat? Give an example of photoautotrophs
- Photosynthetic –> light as source of energy
ex. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
Cyanobacterium anabaena
- Nitrogen Metabolism
- Forms filamentous chains
- Most cells only photosynthesize
- Heterocysts
Heterocyst
- Specialized cells that fix nitrogen
- Thicker cell walls to prevent oxygen from entering
Function of a chemoheterotroph
Deomposer
- Break down dead organisms and waste products
- Unlock supplies of C, N, other elements
Do cyanobacteria photosynthesize?
yes
Types of symbiosis
- Mutualism
- Commensialism
- Parasitism
Mutualism
Give an example.
Host and symbiont benefit from it
ex. Bacteria in the intestinal tract obtain nutrients from the host but benefit the host by producing vitamins
Symbiosis
When 2 organisms live together
Commensialism
Give an example.
Symbiont benefits from it
Host is unharmed
ex. >150 bacterial species live on the surface of the human body and absorbs nutrients like oil and dead skin cells
Parasitism
Give an example.
Symbiont benefits
Host is harmed
ex. Parasites absorbs nutrients from living organisms
Pathogens
Parasites which cause a disease
Parasitoid
Give an example.
Will kill the host because symbiont does not depend on it, its whole life
ex. Wasps lay their eggs on caterpillars and the baby wasp eat the caterpillar to grow
Monophyletic
RULE FOR NAMING IN TAXONOMY
When you cut off one ancestor, the rest of the branch disappears. In other words, those on a same branch come from one common ancestor
Protists
- Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi
- Some are more closely related to animals, plants and fungi than others
- Earliest eukaryotic cell
Characteristics of protists
- Most are unicellular, but some form colonies or are multicellular
- Diverse forms of nutrition (Photoautotrophs or heterotrophs)
- Many have flagella or cilia
- Asexual or sexual reproduction
- Found anywhere there is water
How are protists grouped?
Based on how they get their food
Types of protists
- Animal-like
- Plant-like
- Fungal-like