Lecture 12 Neoplasia nomenclature

Question 1

Hallmarks of Cancer

Answer 1

1) Evading growth supressors
2) avoiding immune destruction
3) enabling replicative immortality
4) tumor promoting inflammation
5) Activating metastasis and invasion
6) Angiogenisis
7) Genome instability
8) resisting cell death
9) Deregulating cellular energetics
10) sustaining proliferative signal

Question 2

Difference between neoplastic and non-neoplastic:

Answer 2

non = reversible eg hypertrophy
neoplastic = not reversible

Question 3

Difference between benign and malignant:

Answer 3

benign is growing locally. malignant not.

Question 4

What does cytological mean?

Answer 4

On a cellular level. (cyto = cell)

Question 5

Cytological hallmarks of malignancy

Answer 5

1) pleomorphism
2) incresead nucelear/cytoplasm ratio
3) hyperchromatism
4) mitosis
5) de-differentiation (anaplasia)

Question 6

Histological hallmarks of malignancy

Answer 6

1) Tumor
2) Infiltration
3) Necrosis
4) Ulceration
5) Bleeding
6) desmoplasia
7) Invasion
8) Metastasis

Question 7

Desmoplasia:

Answer 7

Creation of fiberous capsule around a cancer. Activation of stromal cells,

Question 8

Stroma =

Answer 8

The connective, functionally supportive framework of a cell, organ or tissue.

Question 9

Parenchym =

Answer 9

Functionally active part of a tissue.

Question 10

Hyperchromatism =

Answer 10

development of excess chromatin = more staining of blue.

Question 11

Pleomorphism =

Answer 11

means variability in size, shape and staining of cells.

Question 12

Nomenclature of cancer in epithelium:

Answer 12

Benign = papilloma (epitel ikke kirtel), adenoma (epitel glandular) - adenoma tubular, villous and tubulovillous.

Malignant = carcinoma

Question 13

Nomenclature of cancer in mesechymal:

Answer 13

Benign = -oma eg lipoma (rahbdo = rod, hemangio = kar)

malignant = sarcoma eg liposarcoma

Question 14

Dysplasia =

Answer 14

Structural changes in th eepithelium incl. abnormal architecture and loss of normal tissue polarity.

Question 15

What does CIN stand for?

Answer 15

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia = 1-3 depending on severity.

Question 16

Grading=

Answer 16

Based on the degree of differentiation

G1-4 1 = well differentiated, 4 = anaplastic

Question 17

Staging=

Answer 17

Based on the tumor size and location

TNM
T = tumor size and extend
N = nodule status
M = metastasis

X = cannot be assessed 
0 = no sign 
Tis = cancer in situ 
number = increase = worse