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Anatomy > Exam-Midterm > Flashcards

Exam-Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomical position (or stance) of a human body?

A

Upright, face forward and palms facing forward

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2
Q

What kind of plane divides the body into equal right and left halves?

A

Midsagittal

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3
Q

What kind of plane divides the body into unequal right and left portions?

A

Parasagittal

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4
Q

What kind of planes divides the body into superior and inferior portions?

A

Transverse or cross-section or axial

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5
Q

What kind of plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?

A

Coronal or frontal

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6
Q

Know the nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity and some major superficial organs located in each

A 
Right hypochondriac (liver)
Epigastric (liver, gallbladder, stomach, large intestine)
Left hypochondriac (stomach, large intestine)
Right lumbar (small intestine, large intestine)
Umbilical (small intestine, large intestine)
Left Lumbar (small intestine, large intestine)
Right iliac (small intestine, large intestine)
Hypogastric (small intestine, large intestine, appendix, bladder)
Left iliac (small intestine, large intestine)
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7
Q

Know the four quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity and some major superficial organs located in each

A

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)-liver, gallbladder, stomach, large intestine, small
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)-liver, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, spleen
Right lower quadrant (LRQ)-large intestine, appendix, small intestine, bladder
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)-large intestine, small intestine, bladder

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8
Q

Know the terms associated with the various parts of the body (anterior and posterior)

A

Example:nasal is nose, brachialis arm, popliteal is back of knee, etc.

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9
Q

Provide a description for each of these terms of relative position used by anatomists. Also know how to use these terms properly.

A

Superior vs. Inferior:Above vs. Below
Anterior vs. Posterior:Front vs. back (also known as ventral vs dorsal)
Medial vs. Lateral:Close to midline vs. To the the side
Ipsilateral vs. Contralateral:Same side vs. Opposite sides
Proximal vs. Distal:Closer to trunk vs. Farther away from trunk
Superficial vs. Deep: Near surface of body vs. Deep within body
Prone vs. Supine: Face down vs Face up
Peripheral: More correctly used instead of superficial when referring to nerves and blood vessels

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10
Q

To what does the axial portion of the body refer?

A

Trunk, neck, head

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11
Q

To what does the appendicular portion of the body refer?

A

Upper limbs and lower limbs

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12
Q

Where are body cavities located?

A

in the axial portion of the body

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13
Q

What are the major anterior body cavities?

A

Thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

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14
Q

What are the major posterior body cavities?

A

Cranial, Vertebral

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15
Q

What are the major cavities within the head?

A

Cranial, fronta; sinuses, sphenoidal sinus, orbital, middle ear, nasal, oral

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16
Q

What are the thoracic membranes covering the organs in the thoracic cavity?

A

Visceral pleura cover lungs; visceral pericardium covers heart

17
Q

What are the thoracic membranes lining the thoracic cavity?

A

Parietal pleural covers cavity around lungs; parietal pericardium covers cavity around heart or the mediastinum

18
Q

What is the abdominopelvic membrane covering the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity called?

A

Visceral peritoneum

19
Q

What is the abdominopelvic membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity called?

A

Parietal peritoneum

20
Q

Both visceral and pleural membranes are serous membranes. What does this mean?

A

They both secrete a slippery serous fluid that fills the “Cavity” between the two membranes in order to decrease friction and allow organs to slide around in their cavities.

21
Q

What are the four types of tissue which are found in all vertebrate animals?

A

Connective
Epithelial
Muscular
Nervous

22
Q

What is a tissue? Organ? Organ system? Organism?

A
  • Tissue: a group of similar cells performing a similar function
  • Organ: a group of tissues performing a specialized function Examples are the stomach, lungs, and heart which are made up of several tissues each
  • Organ system: a collection of several organs functioning together examples include
  • The digestive system made up of these organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
  • The cardiovascular system made up of these organs: heart and blood vessels
  • The respiratory system made up of these organs: nasal cavity, throat, trachea, lungs

-Organism: collection of organ systems that carry on life processes-Examples is a human with the various organ systems that he or she needs the live, including digestive, respiratory cardiovascular, endocrine, urinary, etc.

23
Q

What are the four types of tissue and their major function(s)? Give an example.

A
  • Epithelial: protects, secretes, absorbs, excretes, and filters-Examples are skin and lining of the digestive tract
  • Connective : connects, supports, and transposts-Examples are tendons, bone, adipose (fat), and blood
  • Muscular: contracts and relaxes to provide movement and produce heat-Examples are skeletal (voluntary) muscle, smooth (involuntary) muscle, and cardiac (heart) muscle
  • Nervous: Conducts nervous impulses throughout the body or helps those that do-Examples are neurons and neuroglial cells
24
Q

Name the types of epithelial tissue and their characteristics

A
  • Simple squamous:Single layer of flattened, irregularly shaped cells connected to a basement membrane
  • Simple cuboidal:single layer of cube-shaped cells laying on a basement membrane
  • Simple columnar:Single layer of column-shaped cells laying on a basement membrane
  • Pseudostratified columnar: single layer of column-shaped cells laying on a basement membrane
  • Appear to be two cell layers since the nuclei of the various cells may be close to the basement membrane or far away from the basement membrane
  • May have cilia and/or goblet cells
  • Stratified squamous: layers or strata of simple squamous cells, with only the bottom layer of cells laying on the basement membrane-Example is the epidemic of the skin
25
Q

What three components are found in all connective tissue?

A
  • Ground substance or matrix (noncellular)
  • Protein Fibers (collagen, reticular, or elastic)
  • Specialized cells (fibroblasts and stem cells which produce new cells)
26
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue in vertebrates?

A
  • Fibrous (can be loose, dense, or adipose)
  • Supportive (can be cartilage or bone)
  • Fluid (can be blood or lymph)
27
Q

What are the three types of muscular tissue in vertebrates?

A
  • Skeletal (voluntary so we control its movement; attached to our bones)
  • Smooth (involuntary so we don’t control its contractions; lines our digestive tract)
  • Cardiac (involuntary so we don’t control its contractions; found in the heart)
28
Q

Nervous tissue is composed of cells called neurons. Describe the structure of a neuron. (Nervous tissue also has neuroglia, cells which supports, protect and nourish the neurons

A
  • Have cell body with a distinct nucleus
  • Dendrites branch off the cell body
  • Axon which is covered with myelin sheath exits the cell body
29
Q

What are the organs of the integumentary system made?

A

Cutaneous membranes

30
Q

Give the name and location of the four different kinds of membranes

A
  • Serous membranes: line body cavities that don’t open to the outside; secrete serous fluid
  • Mucous membranes : line cavities and tubes opening to the outside; secrete mucus (note: “mucous” is an adjective and “mucus” is a noun)
  • Synovial membranes: line joint cavities; secrete synovial fluid
  • Cutaneous membranes:cover the body as skin
31
Q

What is the largest organ by weight?

A

Skin

32
Q

Name the major functions of the integumentary system

A
  • Protects the body from invading microorganisms (unless the skin is broken)
  • Prevents water loss from the body
  • Helps to regulate body temperature
  • Important in the synthesis of Vitamin D
  • Has sensory receptors for touch, pain, pressure, and temperature
  • Excretes small quantities of wastes
33
Q

The integumentary system is composed of two distinct tissue layer. Name and describe them.

A
  • Epidermis: the outermost layer of the skin; composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue; avascular (has no blood vessels)
  • Dermis: the innermost layer of the skin; composed of connective tissue (collagen, elastin, adipose, blood), smooth muscle tissue,and nervous tissue
34
Q

How does the function of the epidermis differ from that of the dermis?

A

The epidermis protects the body , and the dermis nourished the epidermis with its vessels.

Anatomy (20 decks)

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