Chapter 13 Notes Flashcards
before 1600 most European villages worked
their own plots of land in order to grow food for their families
Enclosure Movement
the practice of fencing or enclosing common lands into individual holdings; small land holdings put together to form larger land holdings
Effects of the Enclosure Movement
- Small plot owners were forced to become tenant farmers or move to the cities 2. common lands were vanishing 3. new farming methods so more food was being produced
Jethro Tull invented
a seed drill to plant seeds in a straight row
Charles Townshend introduced a system called
crop rotation
Industrial Revolution began in
England
Factors of Production were
land, labor, and capital
land refers to
all natural resources and England had plenty of coal and iron ore
capital
tools, machinery, equipment, and inventory
also money
labor
workers
what was the first industry to be industrialized
the textile industry
domestic system
work was done in the individual’s home
problem-the demand for cloth could not be met
John Kay
introduced the flying shuttle
What did the flying shuttle do for the weaving industry
weavers could now make cloth and could meet their demand and then some
James Hargreaves introduced the
spinning jenny
Richard Arkwright
introduced a new power source- running water
factory system
have large numbers of workers brought under one roof and did the work in a factory
Edmund Cartwright
invented the water loom
Eli Whitney
introduced the cotton gin
What happened as a result of the cotton gin being introduced
- Southern US became the cotton producer of the world 2. an unintended side effect was an increase in slavery or the expansion of slavery
Early machines were driven by and later replaced water
water power
steam
Thomas Newcomen
invented the first steam engine
James Watt
patented the modern steam engine; improved the steam engine
William Kelly/ Henry Bessemer
developed a cheaper more efficient method of making steel called the Bessemer process
Robert Fulton
first to build a profitable steamboat called the Clermont
Samuel Morse
developed Morse Code and the telegraph
Reasons Great Britain led the way in industrialization
- plenty of coal and iron ore reserves 2. transportation system 3. entrepreneurs’ capital-the people that start the businesses and take the risk 4. an increase in food production 5. colonial empire (raw materials) 6. the government supported industrialization
employers wanted workers who could learn
a few simple tasks
who became efficient workers
women and children
young men and women were the preferred workers because
they did not have set working habits and did not expect high wages
in the domestic system
- workers usually worked unsupervised in their homes 2. turned over finished products about once a week 3. paid for the number of items completed
in the factory system
- worker performed only a small part of the entire job 2. everyone employed by the factory owners 3. payment based on the number of hours worked
factory owners wanted to
produced goods as cheaply as possible
number of workers affected
wages
wages for men were
higher
What were the factory working conditions
- pay was extremely low with no compensation for injury 2. young children had to work and there were no child labor laws 3. if you broke the boss’s rules you were fired 4. very hot in summer and cold in winter 5. worked 14 hrs a day 6 days a week 6. children were not getting educated if they were working
tenaments
shabby apartment buildings were workers lived
balance of economic and political power shifted from to
agriculture
manufacturing
as industries grew and cities grew a new thrived
well-educated middle class
this middle class consisted of
bankers, manufacturers, merchants, lawyers, doctors, engineers, and professors
