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S2 Bio 109 A&P 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Intro

A
  • blood is a liquid connective tissue made up of plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%)
  • formed elements are the various kinds of blood cells
  • 3 general functions: transportation, regulation, and protection
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2
Q

Formed elements of blood

A
  • 45% total blood volume

- RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

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3
Q

Blood volume

A
  • about 8% of total body weight in average-sized adults
  • blood volume varies according to age, body type, sex, and method of measurement
  • females = 4-5L
  • males = 5-6L
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4
Q

Hematocrit

A

The volume percent of red blood cells in whole blood (centrifuge)

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5
Q

Blood plasma

A
  • plasma = whole blood - formed elements
  • the liquid part of blood; clear, straw-colored fluid made of 90% water and 10% solutes
  • maintains normal circulation
  • solutes 6-8% of plasma solutes are proteins, consisting of 3 main compounds
    1. Albumins: maintain osmotic balance of blood
    2. Globulins: essential component of the immunity mechanism
    3. Fibrinogen: key role in blood clotting
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6
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Bicóncavo discs to increase surface area

  • hemoglobin: red protein pigment is the primary component
  • RBCs are the most numerous of the formed elements
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7
Q

Functions of RBCs

A
  • transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body
  • both of these functions depend on hemoglobin (280 million hemoglobin molecules/RBC)
  • the total surface area of all RBCs in an adult is enormous
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8
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • approx 200-300 million molecules of hemoglobin within each RBC
  • each hemoglobin is made of 4 protein chains
  • each protein chain is bound to red pigment which contains one iron atom (heme group)
  • the structure allows each hemoglobin molecule to attach with four O2 which allows RBC to transport O2 where it it needed
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9
Q

Anemia

A

Lack of blood

  • used to describe a reduction in the number or volume of functional RBCs in a given unit of whole blood
  • an adult who has a hemoglobin content of less than 10g/100ml of blood
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10
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Entire process of RBC formation

  • RBC formation begins in the red bone marrow with hematopoietic stem cells that go through several stages of development to become erythrocytes
  • the entire maturation process requires approx 4 days
  • myeloid or lymphoid stem cells
  • RBC are formed and destroyed at a rate of approx 100 million/min in an adult
  • RBC production speeds up if blood oxygen levels reaching the tissues decrease
  • oxygen deficiency increases RBC numbers by increasing the excretion of a hormone named EPO (erythropoietin)
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11
Q

Destruction of RBC

A
  • life span avg = 105-120 days
  • they often break apart, in capillaries as they age
  • macrophage cells ingest and destroy the aged abnormal, or fragmented RBC
  • iron is returned to the bone marrow for use in synthesis of new hemoglobin
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12
Q

Blood types

A

Refers to the type of cell markers or antigens present on RBC membranes
- presence or absence of these antigens determines a persons blood type

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13
Q

ABO pic

A

Pic

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14
Q

ABO pic

A

Pic

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15
Q

ABO explanation

A

A) antigen A
B) antigen B
AB) both antigen A and antigen B; universal recipient
O) neither antigen A nor antigen B RBS; universal donor

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16
Q

leukocytes

A

WBC (5 types)

  • classified according to the presence or absence of granules and the staining quality of cytoplasm
  • granular: include 3 WBC that have large granules in cytoplasm
  • agranular: include 2 WBC without cytoplasmic granules
17
Q

Granulocytes vs agranulocytes

A 
Never Eat Bananas Like Monkeys 
G:
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils 
A:
1. Lymphocytes 
2. Monocytes
18
Q

Granulocytes

A
  • make up approx 65% of total WBC in normal blood sample
  • active phagocytosis cells
  • migrate out of blood vessels and enter the tissue space
  • early responders to tissue damage. Release enzymes that can lose bacteria and oxidants (defensins) that exhibit a broad range of antibiotic activity
19
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • typically 2-5% of circulating WBC
  • weak phagocytes, but are capable of ingesting antigen-antibody complexes
  • provide protection against infections caused by parasitic worms and allergic reactions
  • release enzymes like histaminase
20
Q

Basophils

A
  • Least numerous of WBC (only 0.5-1%)

- these granules intensify inflammation during allergic reactions (histamine - heparin - serotonin)

21
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • smallest of WBC
  • second most numerous type of WBC, next to neutrophils
  • account for approx 25% OF CIRCULATING WBC
  • T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and natural killers (NK)
22
Q

Monocytes

A

Largest type of leukocyte

  • migrate from the blood into the tissues where they enlarge and differentiate into macrophages
  • they are mobile and highly phagocytosis cells
  • capable of engulfing large bacterial organisms and viral-infected cells
23
Q

WBC numbers

A
  • microliter of normal blood usually contains 5000-10000 leukocytes
  • WBC numbers have clinical significance because they change with certain abnormal conditions
24
Q

Formation of WBC

A
  • granular and agranular leukocytes mature from the undifferentiated hemopoietic stem cell
  • Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and a few lymphocytes and monocytes originate in red bone marrow; most lymphocytes and monocytes develop from hemopoietic stem cells (lymphoid stem cells) in lymphatic tissue
25
Q

Platelets

A
  • small, nearly colorless bodies that usually appear as irregular spindles or oval discs
  • 3 physical properties of platelets
    1. Agglutination
    2. Adhesiveness
    3. Aggregation
26
Q

Hemostasis

A

The stoppage of blood flow and may occur as an end result of any one of several body defense mechanisms

  • mechanisms to reduce blood loss: vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation
  • reduces infection risk
27
Q

Functions of platelets

A
  • important roles in hemostasis and blood coagulation
  • 1-5 sec after injury to a blood capillary, platelets will adhere to the damaged lining of the vessel and to each other to form a hemostatic platelet plug that helps stop the flow of blood into the tissues
28
Q

Formation of platelets

A
  • formation of platelets is refereed to as thrombopoiesis
  • formation and life span of platelets is typically 7-10 days
  • formed in red bone marrow, lungs, and spleen
29
Q

Blood clotting

A
  • when necessary formed elements of blood become trapped in a network of insoluble protein fibers called fibrin = blood clot
  • coagulation
  • if blood clots too easily = thrombosis
  • if blood takes too long to clot = hemorrhage
30
Q

Current explanation of coagulation

A

Production of prothrombinase activated by the following pathways
- extrinsic pathway: chemicals released from damaged tissues
- intrinsic pathway: chemicals present in the blood
Stage 2: conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
Stage 3: conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and production of fibrin clot

31
Q

Conditions that oppose clotting

A
  • the perfectly smooth surface of an intact blood vessel is opposed to clotting
  • platelets won’t adhere to such a smooth surface
  • blood contains antithrombins which are substances that oppose or inactivate thrombin; prevent thrombin from converting to fibrinogen to fibrin
32
Q

Conditions that hasten clotting

A
  • rough spots in the endothelium (atherosclerosis or fatty deposits in blood vessels)
  • abnormally slow blood flow (immobilizations like surgery and bed rest)
33
Q

Blood cell pic

A

Pic

34
Q

Blood disorders

  1. WBC
  2. RBC
  3. Clotting disorders
A
  1. Anemia
  2. Multiple myeloma; leukemia
  3. Hemophilia (inherited deficiency of clotting)

S2 Bio 109 A&P 2 (29 decks)

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