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S2 Bio 109 A&P 2 > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

Intro

A

Bladder can hold 2 cups of urine comfortable and 1L when full

  • during 24 hours, kidneys process 150-180L of water and solutes
  • avg adult voids 1-2 L a day
  • regulates content of blood plasma to maintain homeostasis of internal fluid environment
  • not related to waste elimination are
    1. Maintaining blood volume
    2. Maintiaing normal blood pressure
    3. Maintaining normal blood composition
    4. Maintaining normal body and blood pH
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2
Q

Anatomy of urinary system

A

Kidneys, ureters, urniary bladder, urethra

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3
Q

Kidneys

A

Size of soap with medial indentation (hilum)

  • left kidney is larger than right
  • right kidney lies lower
  • sandwich ther vertebral column between T12 and L3 (posterior aspect of abdomen = retroperitoneal
  • fat surrounds each kidney
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4
Q

External anatomy of kidney

A

Renal hilum: Blood vessels and other structures enter or leave the kidney

  • surroundig kidney:
    1. Superficial = renal fascia
    2. Middle = adipose capsule
    3. Deep = renal capsule
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5
Q

Internal structures

A
  • renal cortex
  • renal medulla
  • renal pyramids
  • renal columns
  • calyx
  • renal pelvis
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6
Q

Renal cortex

A

Outer region

  • superficial light red region
  • smooth-textured area
  • extends from the renal capsule to the bases of the renal pyramids and into the spaces between them
  • the portions that extend between the renal pyramids are called renal columns
  • divided into the outer cortical zone and the inner juxtamedullary zone
  • together with renal pyramids constitute the parenchyma
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7
Q

Renal medulla

A

Inner region

  1. renal pyramids: several cone shaped structure of the renal medulla
    - base = wide, apex = renal papilla which points to hilum
    - contains nephrons
    - each renal papilla ends in a cup like structure called a calyx
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8
Q

Nephron

A

Functional unit of the kidney (filters)
- filtrate drains into papillary ducts, which extend through renal papillar of the pyramids. Ducts drain into cuplike structures called minor and majorly calyces

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9
Q

Renal pelvis

A

Received urine from the major calyces

- narrows as it exits a kidney to become a ureter

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10
Q

Blood vessels of kidneys

A

Highly vascularized

  • 1200mL/min of blood flows through them
  • receive 20-25% of resting cardiac output via right and left renal arteries
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11
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

First part of the nephron

  • glomerus (capillaries): capillary network
  • bowman capsule: (glomerular) double walled epitheial cup that surrounds the globular capillaries
  • fluid from the blood filters out of the glomerus and into the glomerular capsule
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12
Q

Renal tubule

A

In nephron

  • Proximal convoluted tube
  • henle loop (nephron loop)
  • distal convoluted tubule
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13
Q

Glomerular (bowman’s) capsule

A
  • cup shaped mouth of nephron
  • formed by tow layers of epithelial cells with a space between them
  • plasma (fluids, waste products, an delectrolyes) passes through the glomerular capillaries and enters this space to be processed into urine
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14
Q

Glomerulus

A

A network of fine capillaries in bowman’s Caplsule

  • glomerular capillaries have thin, membranous walls
  • the endothelium has many pores present which are important for filtration
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15
Q

Renal tubule

A
  • collecting duct: joining the renal tubules of several nephrons. All collectiong ducts of one renal pyramid converge at a renal papilla. Openings at the renal papilla release urine into one of the minor calyces
    1. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT): first part of the renal tubule, attached to glomerular capsule
    2. Nephron loos (loop of henle): segment of renal tubule beyond the PCT. important in the production of highly concentrated or very dilute urine
    3. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT): convoluted tubule beyond the nephron loop. Extends into th renal medulla
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16
Q

Ureter

A
  • 2 tubules that convey fine from the kidneys to the bladder
  • about 28-34 cm in length
  • begin around L1
  • ureters enter the bladder at an oblique angle which allows for them to close and act as valves when the bladder is full
17
Q

Urinary bladder

A

A muscular, collapsible lumen located directly posterior to the pubic symphysis

  • the wall of the bladder is made mostly of smooth muscle
    1. Reservoir for urine
    2. Expels urine from the body via the urethra
18
Q

Urethra

A

Small mucous membrane-lined tube, extending from the floor of the bladder (trigone) to the exterior of the body

19
Q

Female urethra

A

Lies posterior to symphysis pubis and anterior to the vagina (3cm long)

20
Q

Male urethra

A

Is passes through the prostate gland where it is joined by two ejactulatory ducts

  • from the prostate, it extends to the base of the penis
  • travels centrally to the tip of the penis (20cm long)
21
Q

Physiology of urinary system

A
  1. Kidneys: Process blood to form urine and maintain homeostasis
  2. Nephron forms urine
    - filtration
    - tubular reabsorption
    - tubular secretion
22
Q

Función of kidneys

A
  • most imporant organ for maintaining fluid balance
  • filter and excrete waste, solutes, and toxins
  • absorb water, electrolytes, and buffers
  • recycle necessary elements and maintain normal blood volume, BP, and pH levels
  • synthesize hormones: erythropoietin (which stimulates RBC formation) and calcitriol (active form of vit D)
  • simplicity of the kidney’s blood supply makes transplantation relatively easy
23
Q

Glomerular filtration

A
  • first step in processing blood to form urine occurs in renal corpuscles
  • plasma moves across the wall of glomerular capillaries
  • filtration occurs as result of a pressure gradient
24
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A
  • second step in urine formation occurs in proximal tubules (PCT)
  • movement of molecules out of the segments of tubule and into the blood
  • reabsorption in proximal tubule: 99% of the filtered water and solutes are recovered by the blood, leaving only a small volume of fluid in tubule to move on the the loop of henle
25
Q

Tubular secretion

A
  • third step in urine formation
  • filtered fluid flows through renal tubules and collecting ducts
  • renal tubule and duct cells secrete other materials into fluid (waste, drugs, excessions)
  • occurs in the distal tubule and collecting duct
  • prime componentes that are not reabsorbed: urea, creatinine, uric acid
26
Q

Micturition

A

Mechanisms for voiding
- bladder has two sphincters: internal (involuntary) and external (voluntary)
- internal urethral orifice: opening into urethra. Lies in the anterior corner of the trigone
- wall of the bladder: mucosa (deep layer that contains rugae), muscularis (smooth muscle, detrusor muscle), and adventitia (superior tissue continuous with ureters)
-

27
Q

Detrusro mm

A
  • smooth contracts reflexively with increase filling of bladder and volume exceeds 200-400mL
  • pressure rises causing relation of interna sphincter
  • voluntary relaxation o fecternal sphincter mm
  • urine is forced out of the bladder and through the urethra
28
Q

Regulation of urine vol

A

Antidieretic hormone and aldosterone work in concert to influence water and sodium reabsorption by the distal tubules and collecting ducts

  • as water is reabsorbed, total volume of urine is reduced
  • ADH and aldosterone reduce water loss by the body
  • ADH secreted by posterior pituitary
  • AHD stimulates water reabsorption by the distal tubule/collecting duct
  • aldosterone, secreted by adrenal cortex
  • aldosterone stimulates sodium reabsorption by the distal tubule/collecting duct
  • +AHD and aldosterone release = decrease urine output and increase blood volume
  • water and sodium reabsorbed into blood
  • -ADH and aldosterone release = increase urine output and decrease blood volume
  • water and sodium secreted in tubules
29
Q

Urine composition

A

Approx 95% water with several substances dissolved in it

- nitrogenous waste - electrolytes - toxins = pigments - hormones - abnormal constituents

30
Q

Summary

A

Homeostasis of water and electrolytes in body fluids relies on proper functioning of the kidneys
- nephrons process blood to adjust its content to maintain a relatively contant internal environment

S2 Bio 109 A&P 2 (29 decks)

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