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A LEVEL BIOLOGY > More Biological Molecules- 1B > Flashcards

More Biological Molecules- 1B Flashcards

1
Q

What are DNA and RNA both types of?

A

Nucleic acid

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2
Q

What is DNA used for?

A

Storing genetic information.

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3
Q

What is genetic information?

A

All the instructions an organism needs to grow and develop

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4
Q

What is RNA used for?

A

Transferring genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes.

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5
Q

Describe the relation of ribosomes and RNA?

A

RNA transfers DNA to the ribosomes which read the RNA to make polypeptides in a process called translation.

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6
Q

What are ribosomes themselves made of?

A

RNA and proteins.

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7
Q

What is a nucleotide made up of?

A

A pentose sugar
A nitrogen containing base
A phosphate group

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8
Q

Name the sugar in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

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9
Q

Fully name the 4 bases in DNA

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

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10
Q

Name the sugar in RNA

A

Ribose

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11
Q

Name the 4 bases in RNA

A

Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine

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12
Q

Define a polynucleotide

A

A polymer of nucleotides.

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13
Q

Name the bond between the two phosphates and the pentose sugar?

A

Phosphodiester

consisting of 2ester bonds and the phosphate group

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14
Q

What structure is DNA found in?

A

Double helix

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15
Q

What type of bonding is there between the bases?

A

Hydrogen bonding

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16
Q

How many bonds form between A and T?

A

2

17
Q

How many bonds form between C and G?

A

3

18
Q

How do we the describe the two polynucleotide chains in relation to each other?

A

Anti-parallel

19
Q

How does DNA replicate?

A

By semi-conservative replication

20
Q

What does DNA do before cell division to enable each new cell to have the full amount of DNA?

A

Copies itself

21
Q

What is the first stage of semi- conservative replication?

A

The hydrogen bonds are broken using an enzyme (helicase) forming two single strands.

22
Q

What reaction joins new strands together?

A

Condensation

23
Q

What enzyme catalyses the joining of the new polynucleotide DNA strands?

A

Polymerase.

24
Q

What is the final stage of semi-conservative replication?

A

Each new DNA molecule contains one strand from the original DNA molecule and one new strand.

25
Q

Name the two scientists who provided evidence for semi-conservative replication

A

Meselson

Stahl

26
Q

Name the 2 purine bases

A

Adenine

Guanine

27
Q

Describe the role of DNA polymerase

A

Joins nucleotides to form a new strand.

28
Q

How is prokaryotic DNA different from Eukaryotic DNA

A

It’s smaller

Circular DNA

29
Q

Why is ATP a nucleotide derivative?

A

ATP is called a nucleotide derivative because it is a modified form of a nucleotide
(Contains adenine, and 2 more phosphates)

30
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate.

31
Q

Name processes in cells that require ATP

A 
Metabolic processes
Secretion
Active Transport 
Movement
Activation of molecules.
32
Q

When energy is needed by a cell what happens to ATP?

A

ATP is broken down via a hydrolysis reaction into ADP, breaking the phosphate bond which releases energy.

33
Q

What enzyme catalyses the activation of ATP

A

ATP hydrolase

34
Q

What is ATP often referred to as?

A

The immediate energy resource of a cell.

35
Q

What is ATP made up of?

A

Adenine, ribose and 3 phosphate groups.

36
Q

How does ATP store energy?

A

Stores energy between phosphate groups, which are unstable so have low activation energy and are easily broken to release energy.

(ATP hydrolase catalyses reaction)

37
Q

Name the pyrimidine bases

A

Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil

38
Q

The active site on DNA Polymerase is only complementary to the ……….. ….. ?

A

The active site on DNA Polymerase is only complementary to the 3’ end.

39
Q

Which part of a nucleotide is DNA Polymerase complementary to?

A

Phosphate end

A LEVEL BIOLOGY (19 decks)

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