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A LEVEL BIOLOGY > Cells and the Immune System- Topic 2C > Flashcards

Cells and the Immune System- Topic 2C Flashcards

1
Q

Give 3 examples of a pathogen

A

Bacteria, viruses and fungi

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2
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A foreign molecule that can generate an immune response when detected by the body.

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3
Q

Where can antigens usually be found?

A

On the surface of cells.

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4
Q

What 3 things do antigens identify?

A

Pathogens, abnormal body cells (cancerous cells), toxins

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5
Q

What are the 4 main stages in the immune response?

A

Phagocytes engulf pathogens
Phagocytes activate T-cells
T-cells Activate B-cells, which divide into plasma cells
Plasma cells make more antibodies to a specific antigen.

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6
Q

What is a phagocyte?

A

A type of white blood cell that carries out phagocytosis. Found in the blood and in tissues. They are the first cells to respond

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7
Q

What is a phagosome?

A

the phagocytic vacuole

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8
Q

What is an antibody?

A

A protein that binds to a specific antigen to form antigen-antibody complexes

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9
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Antibodies SPECIFIC to the antigen.

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10
Q

The immune response can be split into two. What are these responses?

A

Cellular- T-cells and other immune system cells

Humoral- B cells, clonal selection and production of monoclonal antibodies

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11
Q

What are both types of immune response needed to do?

A

Remove a pathogen from the body. Responses interact with each other.

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12
Q

What is the primary response?

A

When an antigen enters the body for the first time and activates the immune system.

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13
Q

At first the primary response is …… because there ….. …… …. that can make the antibody needed to bind to it.

A

At first the primary response is slow because there aren’t many B-cells that make the antibody needed to bind to it.

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14
Q

What does the humoral response involve?

A

B-cells, clonal selection and monoclonal antibodies.

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15
Q

Describe the function of antibodies

A

Bind pathogens together

Allowing phagocytes to engulf many pathogens at once.

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16
Q

What is agglutination?

A

When an antibody binds 2 pathogens (as it has 2 binding sites) at the same time so that pathogens become clumped together.

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17
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Engulfment of pathogens

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18
Q

Vaccines can protect ……. and …….. against disease

A

Vaccines can protect individuals and populations against disease.

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19
Q

What do vaccines contain?

A

Antigens that cause the body to produce memory cells against a particular pathogen without the pathogen causing disease.

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20
Q

Vaccines help you become …… so you don’t get any ………

A

Vaccines help you become immune so you don’t get any symptoms.

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21
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

More individuals being vaccinated reduces occurrence of the disease so those not vaccinated are also less likely to catch it.

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22
Q

Vaccines always contain antigens which can be in 2 forms. Name them.

A

They may be free

Attached to a dead/ weakened pathogen (Attenuated

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23
Q

Name 2 ways that vaccines can be taken and give a disadvantage of one of these

A

Injected or taken orally.

If take orally enzymes could break it down in the gut or molecules are too large to be absorbed into the blood.

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24
Q

Why may a booster vaccine be given?

A

To make sure that memory cells are produced.

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25
Q

Explain why you may be infected a second time and get ill again?

A

Some pathogens change their surface antigens which aren’t recognised by the memory cells.

26
Q

Give 2 examples of pathogens that show antigenic variation

A

HIV and Influenza virus.

27
Q

What is active immunity?

A

When your immune system makes its own antibodies after being stimulated by an antigen.

28
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Immunity from being given antibodies made by a different organism.

29
Q

Explain the 2 types of active immunity

A

Artificial- immune after vaccination

Natural- immune after catching the disease

30
Q

Explain the 2 types of passive immunity

A

Natural- when a baby becomes immune from receiving the antibodies from its mother through placenta and breast milk.
Artificial- Becoming immune after being injected with antibodies from someone else.

31
Q

What is a macrophage

A

A type of phagocyte

32
Q

What is another name for cytotoxic T cells?

A

Killer T-cells

33
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

An organelle that contains enzymes called lysozymes

34
Q

What is meant, when the phagocyte “presents” the pathogens antigens?

A

It sticks the antigens on its surface to activate other immune system cells.

35
Q

What, on a T cell, will bind to the complimentary antigens presented to it?

A

Receptor proteins on its surface

36
Q

What do lysozymes do?

A

Break down the pathogen

37
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

Activation of B-cells which divide into plasma cells

38
Q

What does the specificity of an antibody depend on?

A

It’s variable regions, which form antigen binding sites

39
Q

All antibodies have the the same…

A

Constant regions.

40
Q

How is a phagosome formed?

A

The cytoplasm of the phagocyte moves around the pathogen, engulfing it.

41
Q

What is the final stage of the immune response?

A

Antibodies bind to the antigens and inhibit the functioning of the foreign cells.

42
Q

Why are antibodies referred to as monoclonal?

A

The antibodies are produced from the same B cell/ plasma cell

43
Q

Give 2 ways in which a pathogen may cause disease when it’s entered the body.

A

infection–> produces toxins

damages/kills cells

44
Q

Tests using monoclonal antibodies allow vets to identify disease while they’re still on a farm. Explain advantages of this. (3)

A

Reduces spread of disease
Isolation of infected animals
Treatment of carries/disease.

45
Q

Name differences between active and passive immunity:

A

Active involves memory cells (passive doesn’t)
Active involves production of antibody by plasma cells
Passive involves antibody introduced into body from outside
Active= long term
Passive= short term
Active can take time/passive fast acting

46
Q

What do we call an antibody bound to an antigen?

A

Antibody-antigen complex.

47
Q

Name 2 different types of phagocyte and explain how they’re different

A

macrophage- engulf pathogen
neutrophil- first cells at infection site.

Macrophages can engulf over and over again whereas neutrophils self destruct

48
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death.

49
Q

loss of water can stop what important process?

A

Metabolic reactions!

50
Q

Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies produced from….

A

Genetically identical B-cells (plasma cells) so all identical in structure.

51
Q

Why are antibodies very specific?

A

As their binding sites have a very unique tertiary structure that only 1 antigen will fit into.

52
Q

Cancer cells have antigens called…..

A

tumour markers.

53
Q

Pregnancy tests detect the hormone ….

A

HCG

54
Q

Why is AIDS dangerous?

A

As the immune system deteriorates and fails leaving somebody vulnerable to other infections

55
Q

When do people with HIV develop AIDS?

A

Not enough helper T-cells- critically low no. of Tcells

56
Q

What is the enzyme needed for virus replication?

A

Reverse transcriptase.

57
Q

What is the use of attachment proteins on HIV?

A

Help HIV attach to the host helper T-cell.

58
Q

What could be the target of anti-HIV drugs?

A

Reverse transcriptase (no replication in host cell)

59
Q

What does integrase do?

A

Inserts viral DNA into T-helper DNA.

60
Q

Explain the role of cytotoxic T-cells in destroying a pathogen.

A

Makes holes in the cell-surface membrane of the cells infected by the pathogen.
Making the cell freely permeable + die.

61
Q

Why do less people have AIDS than HIV?

A

AIDS sufferers have to be infected with HIV
AIDS takes time to develop
Not all people with HIV will develop AIDS.

62
Q

What 2 things do plasma cells produce?

A

Memory cells

Complementary antibodies to antigen

A LEVEL BIOLOGY (19 decks)

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