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SFU 205 > Post Midterm 2 (Part 2) > Flashcards

Post Midterm 2 (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: GFR regulates itself and regulates the renal blood flow (RBF).

A

True

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2
Q

Tubuloglomerular Feedback (TGF)

GFR ____________, the flow through the tubules increase. The flow through the ______________ also increase. _____________ from the macula densa act on the afferent arteriole. The afferent arteriole ______________, and the GFR decreases.

A

Increases
Macula densa
Paracrines
Vasoconstriction

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3
Q

Paracrine signalling occurs at the __________________________.

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

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4
Q

In TRANSepithelial transport, substances cross the __________ and ______________ membranes.

A

Apical

Basolateral

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5
Q

In PARAcellular pathway, substances pass through ______________ of adjacent cells.

A

Tight junctions

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6
Q

SGLT stands for …

A

Sodium-glucose linked transporter

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7
Q

GLUT is a _____________.

A

Uniporter

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8
Q

In glucose reabsorption, Na+ moves down its electrochemical gradient and uses the ________ to pull glucose into the cell. Glucose diffuses out of the _____________ side of the cell using the GLUT protein. Na+ is pumped out by
Na+/K+ ATPase.

A

SGLT

Basolateral

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9
Q

The primary driving force to pulling substances back in is due to HIGH __________________________ in the peritubular capillaries due to the ___________ left behind in the efferent arteriole.

A 
Colloid pressure (Pi)
Protein
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10
Q

Secretion removes _____________ and foreign substances.

A

Metabolites

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11
Q

Excretion route is mainly via _____________.

A

Kidneys

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12
Q

The molecules __ and ____ are for ECF volume and osmolarity.

A

Na+

H2O

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13
Q

The molecule __ is for cardiac and muscle function.

A

K+

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14
Q

The molecule ___ is for exocytosis of nts, muscle contraction and bone formation.

A

Ca2+

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15
Q

The molecules __ and ____ is for pH balance.

A

H+

HCO3-

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16
Q

Fluid and electrolyte balance involves integration of _____________, renal, and __________________ systems.

A

Respiratory

Cardiovascular

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17
Q

Vasopressin is also known as ADH and _____________ vasopressin.

A

Arginine

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18
Q

Vasopressin controls the addition of _____________ in the apical membrane of the collecting ducts.

A

Aquaporins

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19
Q

Which stimuli trigger Vasopressin? These are sensed by the HYPOTHALAMUS.

A

1 High plasma osmolarity (>280mOsM; Interneurons)

2 Low blood pressure (Carotid + Aortic baroreceptors)

3 Low blood volume (Atrial stretch receptors)

20
Q

Aldosterone acts on the _____________ cells of the distal tubule and collecting duct, which results in an increase of sodium reabsorption.

A

Principal (Na+)

21
Q

Hyperkalemia is HIGH ____ in the plasma.

A

[K+]

22
Q

Aldosterone is triggered by the ______ and the _____.

A

⬆️[K+]

⬇️BP

23
Q

What is the Aldosterone pathway?

A

Decrease BP = RAS pathway ➡️ Adrenal cortex ➡️Aldosterone ➡️ P cells of collecting duct ➡️ Increase Na+ reabsorption/K+ secretion

High [K+] = Adrenal cortex ➡️Aldosterone ➡️ P cells of collecting duct ➡️ Increase Na+ reabsorption/K+ secretion

24
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Granular cells produce _________. Renin converts Angiotensinogen to _______. The _____________________ converts ANG I to ANG II. Aldosterone is released from the adrenal cortex which causes an ____________________ of the distal tubules.

A

Renin
ANG I
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
⬆️[Na+] reabsorption

25
Q

What are other targets of ANG II?

A

1 Cardiovascular control centre (Increase CO)

2 Arterioles (Vasoconstriction)

3 Hypothalamus (Increase vasopressin release, induce thirst, salt appetite)

26
Q

What are the 3 factors that maintain pH Homeostasis?

A

1 Buffers

2 Regulation of Ventilation

3 Kidneys (H+)

27
Q

What are some examples of buffers?

A

HCO3- (ECF)
Proteins
Hemoglobin
Phosphates

28
Q

Acidosis is due to _____ventilation, which secretes ___ and reabsorbs _____.

A

Hypo
H+
HCO3-

29
Q

Alkalosis is due to ______ventilation, which secretes ____ and reabsorbs ___.

A

Hyper
HCO3-
H+

30
Q

The ⬆️ volume and maintenance of osmolarity is done by ____________.

A

Aldosterone

31
Q

The ⬆️ of volume regardless of osmolarity is done by ______________.

A

Vasopressin

Aldosterone

32
Q

The ⬇️ is osmolarity regardless of volume is done by _____________.

A

Vasopressin

33
Q

The respiratory control centre is in the __________.

A

Medulla

34
Q

Acid-base balance occurs in the ________________.

A

Collecting duct

35
Q

At rest within the bladder, the INTERNAL sphincter is ______________. The EXTERNAL sphincter ______________.

A

Passively contracted

Stays contracted

36
Q

Micturition causes the INTERNAL sphincter to be _____________________. The EXTERNAL sphincter _________.

A

Passively pulled OPEN

Relaxes

37
Q

The Parathyroid hormone is produced when there is a ⬇️ in plasma Ca2+ levels. What does PTH do in the body?

A

1 Liberates bone
2 Calcium reabsorption (Kidney)
3 Calcium absorption (SI)

38
Q

The Calcitriol is produced when there is a ⬇️ in plasma Ca2+ levels. What does vitamin D3 do in the body?

A

1 Calcium reabsorption (Bone)

2 Calcium absorption (SI)

39
Q

Calcitonin is produced when ca2+ levels are HIGH. What does this hormone do in the body?

A

1 Promotes storage (bone formation)

2 inhibits Calcium reabsorption (Kidney)

40
Q

What is similar with Phosphates and Calcium?

A

1 They’re absorbed in the INTESTINES
2 Filtered and reabsorbed by kidney

*Same hormones, targets, and mechanisms

41
Q

What are the accessory glands of the GI?

A

Salivary glands
Liver
Pancreas
Gallbladder

42
Q

What are the organs of the GI?

A 
Oral cavity
Esophagus
Stomach
SI
LI
Rectum
43
Q

The MUCOSA consists of …

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae

44
Q

The SUBMUCOSA is made up of loose connective tissues which contain …

A

Nerve trunks
Blood supply
Lymph vessels

45
Q

The MUSCULARIS EXTERNA is the outer wall of the GI tract. It consists of _______ circular layer and _______ longitudinal layer.

A

Inner

Outer

46
Q

The SEROSA consists of connective tissue and secretory epithelium. It __________, protects, and suspends the GI tract.

A

Lubricates

47
Q

The myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus are part of the _____________.

A

Enteric Nervous System

SFU 205 (5 decks)

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