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ZR's Rebellion and Disorder under the Tudors, 1485-1603 > Gaining cooperation of the localities - part 3 > Flashcards

Gaining cooperation of the localities - part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What caused poverty?

A
  • Increasing population in 16th C
  • Meant prices rose and wages fell = inflation
  • Harvests affected by bad weather - reduced crop yield
  • Disslution made it worse
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2
Q

How did the population grow?

A
  • Steady throughout 1500s until 1550s where bad harvests and epidemic of influenza led to temporary decline
  • 1525 population at 2.26 mil
  • 1551 population at 3.01 mil
  • 1601 popilation at 4.1 mil
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3
Q

What problems did poverty cause?

A
  • unemployment
  • vagrancy and begging - people assumed vagrants could just find jobs
  • people thought vagrants spread bad ideas
  • vagrants undermined heirachy as no master
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4
Q

How did Henry VII try to deal with vagrancy?

A

1495 - Vagrants and idle poor to be put in stocks for 3 days, whipped and returned to origional parish where poor relief distributed - given via donations

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5
Q

How did Henry VIII deal with vagrancy?

A

1531 - Poor Law passed, ordered vagrants to be whipped. Impotant poor were licensed by JPs and allowed to beg.

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6
Q

How did the 1547 Vagrancy Act define vagrancy?

A

Being able to work, unemployed for more than 3 days and without a master, punishment was having a V branded on the chest, forced to work as a slave for 2yrs, unenforcable

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7
Q

What did the 1552 Poor Law act do which replaced the 1547 Vagrancy Act?

A

Required impotant poor to be registered for the first time. Also required parish priests to pressure those reluctant to make voluntary contributions

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8
Q

How did parliament try to regulate wages and prices through parliamentrary statute in 1547 and 1555?

A

1547 + 1555 acts to regulate cloth making in East Anglia and Worcester. 1536 TC introduced a radical act local officials had to find work for beggars- not renewed

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9
Q

What happened when food prices rose alarmingly in 1540s-1550s?

A

Gov controlled and encouraged food production. 1548-9 laws passed against price and wage fixing. 1554 Act to forbid the export of corn when prices were high

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10
Q

What economic crises were there in Mary’s reign?

A

Poor weather - bad harvest 1554-56. Made worse by influenza in 1555-1559. 1551 population at 3.01 mil but fell to 2.98 mil in 1561

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11
Q

How did the economic crises affect the poor?

A
  • Lack of food = high prices.
  • Affected poorest peasants and urban poor because they produced just enough to survive
  • Decline in population = wages up = prices up
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12
Q

What was the statute of artificers (1563)?

A

Holistic approach that dealt with all problems togethe,r enforced by JPs

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13
Q

What did the statute of artificers (1563) give JPs the power to enforce?

A
  • all unmarried people to work under age of 30
  • had to accept any job
  • all those who could bring in crops to do so
  • could be punished by stocks
  • all wages set by JPs annually
  • everyone between 12-16 had to work on land unless gentry or at school, in mining, in metal working
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14
Q

How did JPs fix working hours and duration for apprenticeships in the statute of artificers?

A

Summer = 5am - 7/8pm, winter - dawn-sunset.

Apprenticeships set at 7yrs compulsary for skilled work

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15
Q

How was the statute of artificers (1563) significant?

A
  • Replaced earlier legislation and lasted throughout tudors
  • Placed more importance on JPs
  • Enhanced the importance of apprenticeships
  • Protected status of skilled craftsmen
  • Emphasised need for everyone to have a master
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16
Q

How wasn’t the statute of artificers (1563) significant?

A
  • Still had to deal with poverty and vagrancy - 1572-76 poor laws, poor law of 1598
  • Annual assessments of local wages never changes
  • Assessed wages for kent and didn’t change once 1563-88
  • Assumed that there was work if you wanted it
  • Spanish war 1585 disrupted cloth trade
  • Poor harvests = mirgration
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17
Q

How did the Act of the Relief of the Poor 1563 move towards provision?

A

Made payments to poor relief in parish compulsory. Special collectors for alms appointed. Refusal to contribute could lead to imprisonment. Could choose how much to pay

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18
Q

What did the 1572 Poor Law do?

A

Attitudes began to change but punishments still severe. Hole created through right ear with hot instrument. Now had to be signed by 2JPs if wanted licence.

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19
Q

How did the 1572 Poor Law reflect changing attitudes?

A

First time it was recognised that there weren’t always jobs available. Encouraged parishes with extra poor relief to build houses for vagrants. Increased expectation of parishes.

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20
Q

How was poverty in the 1570s-1580s and what caused an increased expectation for towns to provide for their poor?

A

Relative econ stability. Norwich and York - contributed to poor relief set up in 1549 and 1550. Town corporation of York took over running of hospital for poor.

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21
Q

What suggests that measures to deal with poverty effective by the 1590s?

A

1594-8 Econ crisis. Crop failures = famine in North. Wages fell as prices rose. Staple foods like wheat, barley and oats became unaffordable. Outbreaks of plague. Food riots in 1596 in London, South East and South West

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22
Q

Why did the Privy Council fear rebellion in economic crises?

A

1549 Rising in Oxfordshire against Lord Lieutenants, rebels planned to attack his house, sieze his weapons and march on London. Only 4 turned up, arrested.

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23
Q

Where did the 1598 act come from?

A

Private bills rather than one sponsored by the council. Prepared to pass bill due to fears of local unrest. 1597 11 draft bills dealing with poor relief, vagrancy etc

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24
Q

What did the Act of the Relief of the Poor (1598) do?

A

Introduced the post of overseer of the poor relief for each parish. Had to assess how much poor relief was needed, to collect it and enhanced the local admin of poor relief

25
Q

How did the Act of the Relief of the Poor (1598) strengthen gov response to poverty by not just overseeng and assessing relief?

A

Provided pensions wounded former soldiers ehich was a necessity in a country that had been at war since 158. Also provided for the building of hospitals for those who were ill and houses of correction for the able bodied poor

26
Q

What were the results of the poor law?

A
  • National system of relief
  • Not an innovation, result of panic felt by landed elite
  • Built on 50 years of experimentation
  • Contribution to poor compulsory
  • Revised by a second act in 1601, lasted until 1834
27
Q

What was the traditional role of the nobility?

A
  • 1485 traditional military leaders - power based on the ownership of landed estates
  • Ownership of land = power - used to raise armies for king
  • Became corrupted as used armies against monarch
  • Sought to alter balance of power
28
Q

Why was it harder for the new nobility to raise an army against the monarch?

A

Based on the ability to gain access to monarch and supply of grants, lands, offices and titles. New nobility - courtiers, retaind traditional role of military leaders. Reliant on favour.

29
Q

How was the role of the gentry enhanced?

A
  • Ran local gov as JPs
  • Looked at nobility as an advancement in their careers
  • On the same side as nobility
  • Wanted security, good order + political stability
  • Developed network of personal relationships through patronage
30
Q

How did Henry VII deal with his nobility?

A
  • Attitude of distrust - reluctant to give out rewards
  • Only gave rewards to a small group
  • E.g Jaspar Tudor controlled Wales and the marches, when he died childless, no one promoted to this
31
Q

What problems were associated with patronage?

A

Relied on presence of a strong, active and decisive monarch who promoted men who were both reliable and young. A ruler too young/old/ill was easily manipulated.

32
Q

What was patronage like under Henry VIII?

A

Saw nobility as companions. Not careful with money, generous rewards. Chamber full of his friends. Could influence policy and patronage informally

33
Q

What example is there of Henry’s nobility influencing patronage?

A

Sir William Compton - Gentlemen of the Chamber, full of friends and Groom of the stool - able to raise his income from £10 p/a to £1700 p/a by acquiring grants of royal lands and offices

34
Q

How did members outside Henry VII’s circle earn trust?

A

Thomas Howad, Earl of Surrey - fought against Henry at Bosworth. Imprisoned in the tower - refused opportunity to escape in 1487 to rebel. Rewarded with release and granting on his East Anglian estates

35
Q

How did the number of noble family represenatives drop during Henry VII’s reign?

A

From 55 - 42 during his reign. Success as no open rebellion against him after 1497

36
Q

How did Charles Brandon get reward through patronage uner Henry VIII?

A

Close friend, father killed at Bosworth, brought up with Henry VIII at court - made Duke of Suffolk, married Mary without permission, Suffolk estates changed to Lincolnshire to control POG

37
Q

How did status change after Henry VIII’s use of patronage?

A

Group of men emerged who owed their position to court rather than estates. TC served the crown through TWs patronage. Those with legal training could rise through ranks

38
Q

How did William Paget and Thomas Wriothesley rise due to legal expertise under Henry VIII?

A

Earl of Southhampton given to Wriothesley, Paget made Baron Paget. used their positions to acquire landed estates, power of traditional nobility undermned by royal attacks on those who Henry distrusted

39
Q

Who did Henry VIII distrust?

A

Duke of Buckingham executed for treason in 1521 - lands given to crown, Henry Percy - Earl of Northumberland persuaded to give lands to the king. Earldon passed to his nephew

40
Q

How did royal lands and estates grow?

A

Crown traditionally held Dutchies of Lancaster + Cornwall. After political turmoil of 1535-46 (executions for treason high) land forfitted and disosolution meant crown income up

41
Q

How did the nobility’s share of income from land rise compared to the crowns?

A

8%-9%, 9%-27% but temporary change as land later sold

42
Q

How did the growth of royal estates aid Henry’s ability to manipulate patronage?

A

Gave nobility and gentry a vested interest in royal supremacy as they benefitted from it.

43
Q

How did the Russel family rise due to the rise of Sir John Russell?

A

Spent his life in service to Henry VIII. Gentlemen of the bedchamber and a diplomat and soldier. 1530s Henry granted Russell a series of offices on the South West - a region distant from the centre = helped Henry

44
Q

What happened when Henry Courtenay was executed fro treason in 1538?

A

Russell replaced him, made Baron Russell and granted former monastic lands at Tanistock. Russell’s rise continued under Edward VI, Earl of Bedford. Unable to prevent rebellion in South West 1549.

45
Q

What problems were associated with Henry VIII’s patronage?

A
  • Relied on presence of a strong, active and decisive monarch who promoted men who were reliable
  • A rule too young/old/ill was easily manipulated
46
Q

What rivalry emegred under Henry VIII?

A

Edward Seymore, Earl of Hertford led reformer faction. Duke of Norfolk led conservative faction. Seymor manipulated dying Henry VIII’s will by making himself Lord Protector and Duke of Somerset

47
Q

How did the Duke of Somerset deal with his patronage?

A

Rewarded his own supporters, John Dudley made Earl of Warwick. 1549 Seymor pushed it too far and overthrown in rebellion by Dudley

48
Q

How did Elizabeth approach patronage?

A

Complex system of formal and informal connections. her nobility were both courtiers and politicans - active locally in central gov. Led by Willam Cecil, all held lots of positions

49
Q

How did the nobility under Elizabeth hold lots of positions?

A

Cecil was a JP in Lincolnshire and Northhamptonshire. Earl of Bedford acted as a JP in Devon and Cornwall. Her favourties were men she flirted with, had to admire her.

50
Q

How was Elizabeth’s relationship with Robert Dudley?

A

Known as a potential husband, personal access to her, wrked hard for her, master of the horse - could ride next to her when she travelled. Member of royal household

51
Q

How did Elizabeth become more generous towards Dudley?

A

In 1562, he became a member of the PC as well. Also a landowner with estates in Midlands and Wales. Recieved generous grants, benefitted from her favour. Kenilworth Castle and Denbigh in Wales, control of Chester

52
Q

How did Elizabeth control the localities?

A
  • South West and Wales now under royal control under Russell and Dudley
  • Power of traditional northern nobility threatened - Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland was catholic
  • Liz imposed southern protestants in the North e,g Henry Carey Lord Hundson
53
Q

Who did Elizabeth appoint to warden of the East March and to the wardenship of the middle march?

A

Francis Russell, Earl of Bedford and Thomas Percy and it caused the revolt the Northern Earls

54
Q

What did the Revolt of the Northern Earls allow Elizabeth to do?

A

Puritan Earl of Huntington to CON to crack down on Catholic recusancy

55
Q

What key advisors of Elizabeth died in the 1590s?

A

Robert Dudley and Francis Walsingham. William Cecil was ageing too

56
Q

Who emerged after Elizabeth’s key advisors died and what happened?

A

Robert Cecil and Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, emerged - caused political tension over patronage. William Cecil advanced Roberts career. 1591 Robert Cecil on the PC, became Liz’s secretary in 1596

57
Q

How was Devereux reliant on patronage in the 1590s?

A

Not well off, 1588 Earl of Essex given monopoly on sweet wines which belonged to Leicester. Appointed to the council in 1593. Became LL but reliant on Liz for power

58
Q

How were the Cecils able to build up power more effectively than Devereux?

A

WC had monopolised so many positions in gov, until 1596 - Lord Treasurer, Master of the Court of Wards, acted as secretary, RC becoming secretary allowed Cecils more patronage

59
Q

Why did Essex become resentful of Cecil?

A

160 Essex and 140 supporters planned to capture the queen. Executed for treason. Shows how patronage leads to political instability

ZR's Rebellion and Disorder under the Tudors, 1485-1603 (25 decks)

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