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Pharmacology Exam 4 > Broad Spectrum Antibiotics > Flashcards

Broad Spectrum Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What antibiotics are inhibitors of bacterial ribosomes? (4)

A

Tetracyclines

Chloramphenicol

Macrolides (Erythromycins)/Ketolides

Clindamycin

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2
Q

What broad spectrum antibiotics block tRNA binding? (2)

A

Tetracyclines

Chloramphenicol

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3
Q

What broad spectrum antibiotics block translocation? (2)

A

Erythromycin
Clindamycin

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4
Q

What broad spectrum antibiotics block peptide bonds? (2)

A

Erythromycin

Chloramphenicol

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5
Q

In general, the antibiotics that inhibit bacterial ribosomes are bacteriocidal/bacteriostatic.

A

bacteriostatic

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6
Q

What broad spectrum antibiotic blocks ribosomal 30s synthesis?

A

tetracyclines

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7
Q

What are the trade names of tetracycline antibiotics? (4)

A

Tetracycline

Doxycycline

Oxytetracycline

Minocycline

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8
Q

What broad spectrum antibiotic:

Affects teeth and bones
Causes sunlight sensitivity

A

Tetracyclines

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9
Q

What are the clinical advantages of tetracyclines? (5)

A
  1. Orally effective
  2. Favorable therapeutic index
  3. Broad Spectrum
  4. Penetrates well in most tissues
  5. Penetration of human cells to target intacellular parasitic bacteria
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10
Q

What are the adverse side effects of tetracyclines? (4)

A

Discolor teeth

Blunt skeletal growth

GI upset

Hepatic and renal toxicity

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11
Q

What is the drug of choice for:

Chlamydia
Rickettsial disease like Rocky Mountain, Typhus
Lyme disease

A

Tetracyclines

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12
Q

Tetracyclines are safe for b-lactam allergic pts. True or false?

A

true

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13
Q

What is an alternate drug of choice for :

Syphilis
Mycoplasma
Ligonella
Bronchitis

A

Tetracyclines

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14
Q

What broad spectrum antibiotics are ribosomal 50s inhibitors? (3)

A

Erythromycin (Macrolides)

Chloramphenicol

Clindamycin

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15
Q

What BS antibiotic:

Extremely BS aerobic/anaerobic Gram +/-
Bacteriostatic

A

Chloramphenicol

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16
Q

Choramphenicol has few side effects. True or false?

A

False.

Has many.

Bone marrow toxicity (fatal)

  • “Gray baby” syndrome (elimination)
  • Multiple drug interactions
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17
Q

Chloramphenicol is used often in US. True or false?

A

False, better, safer alternatives. More widely used in developing countries.

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18
Q

What is the BS alternative to b-lactams for CNS effectiveness?

A

Chloramphenicol

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19
Q

What are the 2 macrolides/ketolides?

A

Azithromycin (Zithromax)
Clarithromycin (Biaxin)

20
Q

What BS antibiotic is the prototype for the macrolides/ketolides?

A

Erythromycin

21
Q

What ketolide was approved in 2004?

A

Telithromycin (Ketek)

22
Q

Old (Erythromycin) acid sensitive. New (Azithromycin) not acid sensitive. True or false?

A

True

23
Q

What is the activity spectrum of macrolides/ketolides?

A

Gram +

Some Gram -

24
Q

Macrolides/Ketolides distribute well in the tissues and CNS. True or false?

A

False, not well in CNS.

25
Q

There are many side effects of macrolides/ketolides. True or false?

A

False

26
Q

Erythromycin and Telithromycin interact w/P450s and Azithromax does not have drug interactions. True or false?

A

True

27
Q

What BS antibiotic is very safe for children?

A

macrolides/ketolides

28
Q

What is the drug of choice for:

Mycoplasma infections (M. pneumoniae)
Ligonella
Bordetella pertussis
Campylobacter jejuni (GI)
Respiratory Strep infections

A

Macrolides/Ketolides

29
Q

What BS drug:

Has limited resistance
Used for resistant Gram + strains

A

Ketolides

30
Q

What are peptide antibiotics that block cell wall and membrane synthesis? (3)

A

Polymyxin B, E (Aeorsporin, Colistin)

Bacitracin

Vancomycin

31
Q

What peptide antibiotic:

Works on lipid bilayer
Gram - bacteria

A

Polymyxins A,B

32
Q

Are polymyxins bacteriocidal/bacteriostatic?

A

Bacteriocidal

33
Q

What are the side effects of polymyxins? (2)

A

serious nephrotoxicity

neurotoxic

34
Q

What antibiotic:

Limited to topical application ONLY
(usually in combo w/ Gram+ topical,
e.g. Bacitracin)

A

Polymyxins

35
Q

What BS antibiotic blocks dephosphorylation in cell wall synthesis?

A

Bacitracin

36
Q

What antibiotic:

Works on Gram + bacteria
Mixture of polypeptides
Blocks cell wall synthesis
NOT absorbed by GI tract

A

Bacitracin

37
Q

Bacitracin is bacteriocidal/bacteriostatic.

A

Bacteriostatic

38
Q

What antibiotic:

Blocks cell wall synthesis by preventing elongation
Is glycopeptide
Gram + bacteria
Bacteriocidal

A

Vancomycin

39
Q

What BS antibiotic blocks elongation?

A

Vancomycin

The drug of choice for MRSA.

40
Q

What are new antibiotics that fight resistant bacteria? (3)

A

Tigecycline (Tygacil)

Quinupristin/Dalfopristin (Synercid)

41
Q

What new drug is used for VRE?

A

Tigecycline (Tygacil)

42
Q

What new antibiotic:

Used for MRSA, VRE
Blocks protein synthesis at tRNA binding on
(30S) ribosomes like macrolides
Class: tetracycline

A

Tigecycline (Tygacil)

43
Q

What new antibiotic:

Blocks protein synthesis at tRNAformation
BacteriCIDAL
Low side effects

A

Oxazolidones

Linezolid (Zyvox)

44
Q

What is a natural antibiotic approved for Gram + MRSA and VRE infections?

A

Daptomycin (Cidectin, Cubecin)

45
Q

What are 3 novel ways to avoid antibiotic resistance?

A

Natural drugs

Novel target proteins

Block the targets (bacteria)

Pharmacology Exam 4 (12 decks)

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