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Anthropology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Class

A

Group of people that have similar amounts of wealth, power, privileges, and access to resources (especially technology)

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1
Q

Pasado

A

Latin American, Has passed through all “passages” in life

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2
Q

power

A

control over energy and the ability to move and shape people and things

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3
Q

exploitation

A

elites have luxuries at the expense of the commoners, depriving them of basic necessities and intensification and perpetuation of misery and poverty

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4
Q

Pesesnts

A

structured subordinates that own close to nothing and usually work on farms of other people

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5
Q

Ladino

A

Pure Spanish decent living in Bolivia, South America. Highest social class.

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6
Q

“The Aymara: case study in social stratification”

A

A film comparing the two social classes of Bolivia, South America. showing how the middle class (Mstizos) looks down and exploits the lower class (Indians). The four aspects that separate the two classes are

  • Language
  • Health Care
  • Religion
  • Education
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7
Q

Ascribed status

A

social status a person is assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life.

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8
Q

Achieved Status

A

Social status that comes through talents, choices, actions, efforts, activities, and accomplishments, rather than ascription.

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9
Q

wealth

A

All a person’s material assets, including income, land, and other types of property; the basis of economic status.

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10
Q

prestige

A

Esteem, respect, or approval for acts, deeds, or qualities considered exemplary.

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11
Q

Limited good concept

A

there is a limited amount of “good” to go around. In other words, the amount of good luck, money, etc. available is held to be finite, so every time one person profits, another loses.

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12
Q

social mobility

A

the movement of individuals or groups in social standing social position. It may refer to classes, ethnic groups, or entire nations, and may measure health status, literacy, or educatio

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13
Q

Natchez Indians

A

a Tribe where there are 3 different social classes, where all of the social classes will marry another social class causing “automatic social mobility”

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14
Q

minority

A

sociological category within a demographic. Rather than a relational “social group”, as the term would indicate, the term refers to a category that is differentiated and defined by the social majority, that is, those who hold the majority of positions of social power in a society

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15
Q

assimilation

A

when a group comes together with another, newcomers try to fit in with the dominant culture (melting pot theory)

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16
Q

Religion

A

Belief in the supernatural

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17
Q

Edward Taylor

A

Wrote about religions including animism and animatism(mana)

Defined culture as Unilineal evolutionism.

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18
Q

Animism

A

a belief in supernatural beings or spirits that have personalities

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19
Q

Animatism

A

an impersonal force, not inherently good or bad, but can be utilized for good or bad

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20
Q

Magic

A

Belief in the attempt to manipulate the supernatural

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21
Q

Shaman

A

A holy man, religious man, known to have the skills for healing or blessings. Only part time un like a prest

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22
Q

Taboo

A

In society, it is something that is forbidden in a particular belief system

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23
Q

Function of religion

Cognitive Function

A

Provides explanations for people; Death, Disease, Crop, Failures, Ect.

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24
Q

Function of religion

Emotional Function

A

Coping with uncertainty or stress (before event)

Prayers, rituals, Ect

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25
Q

Function of religion

Maintaining Cultural values

A

Supporting goals, values, beliefs, and behavior of total society

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26
Q

Function of religion

Social Control

A

Keeping society in order by making rules such as the 10 commandments.
Monotheism common in stratifies societies; polytheism common in egalitarian societies

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27
Q

Functions of Religion

Maintaining social distance

A

Keeps ethnic groups, classes, or castes separate and “in their own place”

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28
Q

Functions of religion

Conflict resolution

A

When two people are fighting over something, and middle man can call upon what god wants them to do to resolve issue

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29
Q

Functions of Religion

Group Solidarity

A

religious events drawing people together making the group more solid

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30
Q

Functions of Religion

Maintaining ecological balance

A

helping restore ecological balance by having latent functions, practical side effects of religious practices

Ex. Tsembaga pig rituals in New Guinea

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31
Q

Revitalization Movement

A

occurs when there is a group within a state that is getting prosecuted which triggers a movement

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32
Q

Ghost Dance

A

1840’s Paiute-Wovoka (Nevada)- Made a dance that promoted things to go back to the old ways. Earth renewal, Bison would come back and white men would disappear. The Calvary guards misinterpreted this as a war dance. December of 1890 in Wounded Knee, S.D. Native Americans left the reservation to go hunting. Before the hunt they held a dance, there was an accidental weapons discharge when the Calvary Guards tried to retrieve their weapons. In the confusion, the Guards massacred the Native Americans

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33
Q

Handsome Lake Religion

A

The Seneca Native Americans were going through rough times, a Indian by the name of Handsome Lake had a vision. It consisted of settling down and becoming famers, cutting alcohol, and improving family lives would make the tribe stronger. When putting this into practice it made people stronger. This did not get squashed.

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34
Q

Christianity

A

Part of Judaism that was renewed buy Jesus Christ. Threatened the authority’s of that day. Didn’t get completely squashed however.

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35
Q

Haitian Voodoo Rituals and Land Recirculation

A

big festivles for funerals, Add more detail!!!!!!!!

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36
Q

Key Elements of Art

A
  • Creative Play
  • Formal Structure
  • aesthetic feelings (emotional response)
  • Symbolic Transformation (communicates information
  • Technical skill
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37
Q

Functions of Art

A

-Emotional Gratification
-social integration
Expression of reinforcement of cultural themes, Values, Beliefs, ect.
-Social Control
-Conflict resolution
-Transmitting cultural and religious traditions to the next generation

38
Q

Culture Change

Invention and innovation

A

When a culture comes up with an Idea by its self

39
Q

Culture change

Diffusion

A

Gathering ideas for progression from other cultures through any sort of contact (trade, exploration, war, ect.)

40
Q

Social Stratification

A

the condition of being arranged in social strata or classes within a group

41
Q

Caste

A

practiced in India, China, and Africa; much more rigid than social classes, there is no upward mobility

42
Q

Sex and age hierarchies

A

differentials based on sex and age. Exists even in bands.

43
Q

Power

A

control over energy and the ability to move and shape people and things

44
Q

Ruling Class

A

at the top levels of society and make up a small percentage of the population

45
Q

•Commoners

A

at the bottom levels of society and make up a large portion of the population.

46
Q

Racial, ethnic, and cultural minorities -

A

a distinct group that coexists with, but is subordinate to a more dominant group. They can (and usually) work their way up in the system.

47
Q

Pluralism

A

cultural differences don’t have to be repressed, diversity is more accepted (salad bowl theory)

48
Q

Limited good

A

all of the goods in the world are fixed quantities and in short supply. Any gain or loss of a limited good was accomplished at the expense or benefit of another.

49
Q

Protestant work ethic

A

the opposite of the limited good concept

50
Q

Upward mobility

A

the ability to change our social class in an upward direction.

51
Q

Mana

A

an impersonal supernatural force, in habiting certain people or things that is believed to confer power, strength and success.

52
Q

Sacred contexts

A

church, mosque, temple, etc

53
Q

Profane contexts

A

Common meeting places

54
Q

Rites of passage-

A

ceremonies that celebrate the transition of a person from one social status to another. 3 phases, separation, transition, and incorporation.

55
Q

Rites of solidarity-

A

ceremonies performed for the sake of enhancing social integrations among groups of people.

56
Q

Individualistic religion-

A

the least complex type of religious organization in which each person in his/her own religious specialist. Plains Indians.

57
Q

Shamanistic religion-

A

part time religious specialists (shaman) intervene with the deities on behalf of their clients. Tibet, Siberia, Mongolia.

58
Q

Communal religion-

A

groups of ordinary people conduct religious ceremonies for the well being of the total community. China, Aborigines of Australia.

59
Q

Ecclesiastical religion-

A

highly complex organizations in which full time clergy are employed. Organized, hierarchal rules and standards. Aztecs, Incas, Greeks, Egyptians.

60
Q

Sorcery-

A

the performance of certain magical rites for the purpose of harming other people

61
Q

Witchcraft-

A

the practice of an inborn, involuntary, and often unconscious capacity to cause harm to other people.

62
Q

Supreme gods in state-level societies-

A

reinforces the idea that some cultural religious are hierarchal.

63
Q

Revitalization movements-

A

religious movements designed to bring about a new way of life within a society. Ghost dance (Wounded Knee), Handsome Lake.

64
Q

Cargo cult-

A

revitalization movements in Malaysia intended to bring new life and purpose into a society.

65
Q

Sacred cows in India-

A

cows are valuable and needed for farming, and their droppings are very useful for fuel and building materials. Taboos keep people from eating them.

66
Q

Jewish/ Muslim pork taboo-

A

pigs are considered unclean, contain bacteria, and take up a lot of resources, so a taboo keeps people from eating them.

67
Q

Voodoo funeral practices

A

funerals require a large parade, which requires money. So people sell land with hopes to buy it back (like a pawn shop). Land gets redistributed so no one accumulates large pieces of land

68
Q

Aztec cannibalism

A

nutritional hypothesis. They ate people because food was scarce.

69
Q

Formal structure-

A

there is a structure in any different time in any culture that determines what art is.

70
Q

Aesthetic feelings-

A

emotional response from both the artist and the people viewing the art

71
Q

Art is linked to technology-

A

many things have been invented that have to do with art. EX: the invention of the harp from a bow and arrow.

72
Q

Non-western cultures and art-

A

includes crafts and practical items, stresses continuity of art styles and traditions through time, and artist/art are seen as part of everyday life (not separated in concert halls and museums)

73
Q

Alan Lomax’s theory of musical/ dance complexity and subsistence levels-

A

the subsistence level of a group correlates with the complexity or lack thereof of a particular group

74
Q

Levi Strauss’ concept of binary contrasts-

A

art reinforces the theory that humans think in binary contrasts (good vs. evil, man vs. woman, etc.)

75
Q

Ethnomusicology

A

the use of symbols in art to reinforce other aspects of culture (politics, religion etc.).

76
Q

Invention

A

a new combination of existing cultural features

77
Q

Innovation

A

change brought about by the recombination of already existing items within a culture.

78
Q

Diffusion

A

the spreading of a cultural trait (a material object, idea, or behavior pattern) from one society to another.

79
Q

Diffusion-

Selectivity

A

not every cultural item is exchanged. Exchange depends on the item’s utility and compatibility with already existing cultural traits.

80
Q

Diffusion-

Reciprocity

A

diffusion is a two-way, reciprocal process; cultural traits are diffused in both directions

81
Q

Diffusion-

Modification

A

once a cultural element is accepted into a new culture, it may undergo changes in form or function.

82
Q

Diffusion-

Likelihood

A

some parts of culture are more likely to diffuse than others.

83
Q

Acculturation

A

a specific form of cultural diffusion in which a subordinate culture adopts many of the cultural traits of a more powerful culture.

84
Q

Linked changes

A

changes in one part of a culture brought about by changes in other parts of the culture.

85
Q

Multiculturalism

A

a public policy philosophy that recognizes the legitimacy and equality of all cultures represented in society.

86
Q

World system theory

A

the idea that differences in economic development may be explained by the exploitation of the poor by the rich nations of the world

87
Q

Modernization theory

A

the idea that differences in economic development may be explained by inherent sociocultural differences between the rich and the poor. Modern nations are associated with behaviors such as planning ahead for the future, efficient work schedules, keeping track of time, advanced technology, low birth and death rates, etc.

88
Q

Cultures operate as whole systems or organic wholes

A

change in one part may negatively affect another part so change is sometimes rejected.

89
Q

Impact of European colonialism

A

European colonization began globalization, but the indigenous populations paid a high price.

90
Q

Neo-colonialism

A

process of developed nations continuing to exert economic, political, and military influence over less developed countries, even though the official period of colonization ended in the 1960’s

91
Q

Multinational corporations

A

large corporations that have economic operations in a number of different countries throughout the world; their resources may be greater than the gross national products of independent nations.

92
Q

Negative effects on native people of economic growth and development

A 
 Increase of civilizational diseases
 Increase of bacterial and parasitic infections
 Increase of nutritionally related diseases
 Increase of poor dental health
 Population growth
 Loss of indigenous peoples
 The study of complex societies
 The spread of infectious disease
93
Q

applied anthropology to solve problems

A
  • Participant observation
  • Holistic approach
  • Avoiding ethnocentrism

Anthropology (3 decks)

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