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Physiology - semester 1 > Central nervous system > Flashcards

Central nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central nervous system made up of?

A
  • Brain

- Spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system made up of?

A
  • Somatic nervous system (motor and sensory)

- Autonomic nervous system

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3
Q

Functions of the CNS?

A
  • Bring in sensory info from inside and outside
  • Deliver motor commands out to muscles of the body.
  • Intelligence, memory, learning and emotion.
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4
Q

What cells are found in the neural tissue?

A
  • Neurons; send and receive signals.

- Neuroglia; support and protect neurons.

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5
Q

Functions of the PNS?

A
  • Deliver sensory information in to the CNS.

- Carry motor commands out to peripheral tissues and systems.

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6
Q

What are nerves?

A
  • Sensory or motor nerves, meaning they carry sensory or motor info.
  • Cranial nerves = connect to brain.
  • Spinal nerves = attach to spinal cord.
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7
Q

Describe the difference between afferent and efferent?

A
  • Afferent division carries sensory info from PNS to CNS.

- Efferent division carries motor commands from CNS to PNS muscles and glands.

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8
Q

What is the difference between receptors and effectors?

A
  • Receptors detect changes in neurones, complex sensory organs.
  • Effectors respond to efferent signals, cells and organs.
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9
Q

Name the 3 types of neurones?

A
  • Unipolar neurones.
  • Bipolar neurones.
  • Multi polar neurones.
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10
Q

Describe unipolar neurones?

A
  • Very long axons
  • Fused dendrites and axon
  • Cell body to one side
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11
Q

Describe bipolar neurones?

A
  • Small

- One dendrite, one axon

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12
Q

Describe multi polar neurones?

A
  • Very long axons

- Multiple dendrites, one axon

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13
Q

What are the functions of sensory neurons?

A
  • Monitor internal environment of the body.

- Respond to the effects of external environment.

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14
Q

What are inter-neurones?

A
  • Transmits impulses between other neurones.
  • Located in brain, spinal cord and autonomic ganglia.
  • Responsible for sensory info and coordination of motor activity.
  • Involved in higher functions, e.g. memory, planning, learning.
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15
Q

Name the four types of neuroglia in the CNS?

A
  • Ependymal cells; contact neuroglia directly.
  • Astrocytes; large cell bodies.
  • Olgiodendrocytes; smaller cell bodies.
  • Microglia; smallest, with least number of neuroglia.
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16
Q

What does the cell body of neurones consist of?

A
  • Large nucleus
  • Nucleolus
  • Major organelles, e.g. mitochondria, golgi
17
Q

What does the dendrites of a neurone consist of?

A
  • Short, highly branched projections from cell body.

- Function = receive info from other neurones.

18
Q

What do axons of neurones consist of?

A
  • Long cylinder, transmit impulses.

- Synaptic terminals are the tips of axons.

19
Q

What happens during nerve impulse conduction?

A
  • Impulse starts in the nerve cell.
  • Passes along the axon.
  • Gets to the axon terminal.
  • And passes onto next nerve cell or muscle or gland.
20
Q

How fast are nerve impulses?

A 
Varies from 0.1-100 per sec.
Speed affected by:
-Temp
-Axon diameter
-Myelin sheath makes impulse quicker.
21
Q

Describe a myelin sheath?

A
  • Surrounds neurone.
  • Gated channels; nodes of ranvier.
  • Action potential jumps from node to node = saltatory conduction.
22
Q

Describe a synapse?

A
  • Junction between 2 neurones where the action potential cannot cross the gap (synaptic cleft).
  • Impulse carried by a neurotransmitters.
23
Q

Describe the stages of transmission of action potentials.

A
  1. An action potential arrives at presynaptic neuron, depolarizes it.
  2. Calcium ions enter synaptic knob, triggers release of Acetyl choline.
  3. ACh travels across synaptic cleft and binds to receptors, depolarizes postsynaptic membrane.
  4. ACh enzymes breaks ACh into acetate and choline.
24
Q

Name 5 important neurotransmitters?

A
  • Acetyl choline
  • Norepinephrine (NE)
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
  • Gamma aminobutyric acid
25
Q

Name the 3 neural circuits in neuronal pools?

A
  • Divergence
  • Convergence
  • Serial processing
  • Parallel processing
  • Reverberation
26
Q

Describe the divergence?

A

Spreads stimulation to many neurones or neuronal pools.

27
Q

Describe the convergence?

A

Brings input from many sources to single neuron.

28
Q

Describe the serial processing?

A

Moves info in a single line.

29
Q

Describe the parallel processing?

A

Moves same info along several paths simultaneously.

30
Q

Describe the reverberation?

A

Positive feedback + functions until inhibited.

31
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

-Multiple times, rapid, repeated stimuli at 1 synapse.

32
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

-Multiple locations, many stimuli, arrive at multiple synapses.

33
Q

Name the 3 types of synapse?

A
  • Excitatory; neuroreceptor is NA channels, positive, action potential likely.
  • Inhibitory; neuroreceptor is Cl, negative, action potential less likely.
  • Neuromuscular junction; contact between nerve+muscle, signal carried by neurotransmitter.

Physiology - semester 1 (11 decks)

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