Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MSK2 > Poultry > Flashcards

Poultry Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the approach to lameness in poultry

A
  • Establish “normals”
  • Establish history
  • PM investigation
  • Testing: blood, histology, faecal microscopy, gut content microscopy, electron microscopy, virus isolation, PCR
  • Culling of severe cases of lameness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many birds should be blood samples be taken from in order to confirm
a: infection, b: vaccination responses, c: diagnosis

A

a: 60
b: 20-30
c: 10-20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the broad categories of differentials for lameness in poultry?

A
  • Viral
  • Bacterial
  • Parasitic
  • Nutritional
  • Genetic
  • Metabolic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the differentials for a bird presented with sitting on the hocks, no obvious leg lesions and no obvious pain? How are these diagnosed?

A
  • Spondylolisthesis (kinky back): can feel deformity at level of free vertebrae, radiography for diagnosis
  • Osteomyelitis of thoracic spine: radiography
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the differentials for a bird presented with: uncomfortable walking, bilateral lameness, thickened bones of hock, mild bone deformities present, malleable bones and beak

A
  • Rickets

- Tibial dyschondroplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the normal appearance of the avian pelvic acetabulum

A

Deep, perforated in centre (not a solid cup)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the normal anatomy of the avian pelvis

A
  • Pelvis (= ischium, ilium, pubis) fused to synsacrum at ilium
  • Open ventrally
  • Trochanter of femur articulates with antitrochanter of pelvis
  • More running = wider pelvis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the normal anatomy of the avian femur

A
  • Directed cranially as goes distally
  • Femoral condyles attached by ligaments to tibiotarsus and head of fibula
  • Femorotibial joint similar to mammalian stifle: 2 menisci, 2 cruciate ligaments, lateral/medial collateral ligaments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What group of birds have a particularly large patella?

A

Aquatic birds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the anatomy of the tibiotarsus of birds

A
  • Tibiotarsus formed by fusion of tibia and proximal row of tarsal bones
  • Fibula attached to tibiotarsus by tight fibrinous union at fibular crest
  • Hock is intertarsal between tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus (single meniscus, single cruciate)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the anatomy of the avian tarsometatarsus

A
  • Fusion of distal tarsal bones to 3 main metatarsal bones
  • Extends to the ground
  • Hypotarsus is a groove on plantar aspect of tarsometatarsus through which the digital flexor tendons pass
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name the extensors of the hip in birds

A
  • Pubo-ischio-femoralis

- Iliofemoralis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name the flexor of the hip in birds

A

Iliotibialis cranialis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the normal movement of the hip in birds

A
  • Extends and flexes, also rotation in recovery phase

- Very little abduction/adduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name the flexor and extensor of the stifle in birds

A
  • Flexor: iliofibularis

- Extensor: femorotibialis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name the flexor and extensor of the hock in birds

A
  • Flexor: tibialis cranialis

- Extensor: gastrocnemus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the path and common disease of the gastrocnemus tendon in birds

A
  • Passes through sleeve connected to caudal surface of cartilage, ends on plantar aspect of tarsometatarsus
  • Heavy birds often develop slipped tendon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the movements of the digits in birds

A
  • Flex and extend

- Abduct and adduct

19
Q

What is the function of the flexor tendons of the digits in birds?

A
  • Allow perching

- Also locking mechanism: flexor tendon ratchet that prevents moving when muscle tensed and toes are flexed and gripping

20
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of rickets in birds

A
  • Thickening of all long bone growth plates
  • Long bones are soft and pliable
  • May get rickets rosaries
21
Q

What causes rickets in birds?

A

Lack of vit D3 or Ca/P imbalance resulting in lack of mineralisation

22
Q

How is rickets confirmed in birds?

A

Histopathology

23
Q

What is tibial dyschondroplasia in birds?

A

Thickening of growth plate in tibiotarsal bone

24
Q

Describe the patholophysiology of tibial dyschondroplasia in birds

A
  • Zone of hypertrophied cartilage cells in proximal end of tibiotarsal bone fails to become callcified because blood supply is absent i.e. stays soft
  • Commonly leads to leg fractures, necrosis, severe pain, lameness
25
Q

Describe the clinical signs of tibial dyschondroplasia in birds

A
  • Abnormal gait progressing to lameness
  • Frequently laying down
  • Reluctance to stand
  • Decreased movement
  • Depression
26
Q

Identify the risk factors for tibial dyschondroplasia in birds

A
  • Young, rapidly growing male broiler chicks 3-8wo
  • Mycotoxin contamated feed
  • Faster growing chicken breeds
  • Unbalanced diet: too little calcium, too much phosphorous
27
Q

How is tibial dyschondroplasia in birds diagnosed?

A
  • History
  • Clinical signs
  • Physical examination
  • Radiography
28
Q

Outline the treatment for tibial dyschondroplasia in birds

A
  • Supportive care only e.g. sling, correct nutritional imbalance
  • Mainly prevention in as yet unaffected members of flock
29
Q

Outline the pathophysiology of chondrodystrophy in birds

A
  • Insufficient bone produced at cartilaginous growth zone, resulting in short bowed bones
  • Appositional growth (normal) leading to swollen joint appearance
  • May predispose to slipped tendons
30
Q

Outline the aetiology of chrondrodystrophy in birds

A

Nutritional, or secondary to congenital infection, but very uncommon

31
Q

Describe the clinical signs of femoral head necrosis in birds

A
  • Severely lame
  • Difficulty rising, wings used for support
  • Possible pain on palpation on medial aspect of femur
  • Severely lame
  • Hot swollen joints and/or tendons
32
Q

Outline the diagnosis of femoral head necrosis in birds

A
  • Histopath showing disintegration of proximal femur
  • Need histology to rule out agonal change
  • Confirmation of causal agent by C+S or serology
33
Q

List the potential aetiologies of femoral head necrosis in birds

A
  • Immunosuppression
  • Bacteria e.g. S. aureus
  • Reovirus
34
Q

Which birds are typically affected by hock infections?

A
  • Larger birds

- Just prior to slaughter

35
Q

Outline the clinical signs of hock infections in birds

A
  • Lame initially
  • Swollen, inflamed footpads and hocks
  • Lethargy
  • Breast blisters
  • Ruffled feathers
  • Shriveled, shrunken, pale comb or red-blue comb
36
Q

Discuss the cause of hock infections in birds

A
  • Poor hygiene

- Possible organisms: S. aureus, E. coli, Ornithobacterium rhinotrcheale, Mycoplasma synoviae

37
Q

Outline the treatment/management of hock infections in birds

A
  • Antibiotics (based on sensitivity) in early lesions
  • Supportive care
  • Reduction of rodent population to reduce incidence
38
Q

Describe the clinical signs of tendon rupture in birds

A
  • Hopping lame
  • palpable thickening of gastrocnemius tendon above hock joint
  • Associated with rapid growth and insufficient exercise
39
Q

Which birds are predisposed to spondylolisthesis?

A

Females, heavy meat-type chickens

40
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of spondylolisthesis

A
  • Ventral dislocation of anterior end of the articulating 4th thoracic vertebra, rotates the posterior end causing it to pinch the spinal cord
  • Damage to spinal cord result in onset of partial posterior paralysis in the chicken
41
Q

Describe the clinical signs of spondylolisthesis (kinky back) in chickens

A
  • Arched back
  • Sitting on tail, feet extended outward/or feet falling to one side of body
  • Neck extending outwards
  • Wings used when walking
  • Walking backwards
  • Falling sideways
42
Q

Outline the treatment of spondylolisthesis in chickens

A

Supportive care possible, but generally cull

43
Q

Outline general preventative measures to reduce lameness in poultry

A
  • Vaccines (Marek’s, Gumboro etc.)
  • Diet changes
  • Water supplementation
  • Stocking levels
  • Breed changes
  • Husbandry alterations (e.g. bedding substrate, ventilation)
  • Kill schedule
44
Q

How may Marek’s disease present?

A
  • Often presented as sudden death, wing and legs outstretched
  • Can present as intermittent paralysis/lameness

MSK2 (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions