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MSK2 > Farm animal MSK diseases 2 > Flashcards

Farm animal MSK diseases 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Outline your approach to the diagnosis of black leg in cattle

A
  • Clinical signs and necropsy findings mostly
  • Staining of lesion with specific fluorescent antiglobulins
  • Characteristic liver infarcts
  • Culture examination likely unrewarding unless fresh tissue
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2
Q

What key differential must be ruled out in a case of sudden death of cattle, prior to necropsy?

A

Anthrax

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3
Q

Outline the treatment of black leg in cattle

A
  • Only effective if start early
  • Large doses of penicillin IV, followed by longer preparations into affected tissue
  • Generally slaughter on humane grounds due to subsequent significant muscle loss
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4
Q

How should carcasses resulting from black leg be disposed of?

A

Burning or deep burial

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5
Q

Outline the prevention of black leg in cattle

A
  • Vaccines
  • All animals >6mo should be vaccinated prior to turnout in spring
  • Multivalent vaccines covering chauveoi, novyi and septicum
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6
Q

What is malignant oedema in cattle?

A

Acute wound infection caused by organisms of the genus Clostridium

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7
Q

Outline the aetiology of malignant oedema in cattle

A
  • Many clostridia
  • Deep puncture wounds e.g. after operation, parturitiion, injection
  • Are soil organisms
  • Low O2 tension and tissue damage → rapid multiplication and toxin production
  • May get latent infection activation after bruising
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8
Q

Describe the clinical signs of malignant oedema in cattle

A
  • Sporadic
  • Signs within 48hours of infection , vary by site
  • In all cases: marked anorexia, depression, pyrexia
  • Local lesion: swelling (tense, may become emphysematous)
  • Lameness, stiffness, muscle tremors
  • Usually die within 48 hours
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9
Q

Describe the clinical signs of malignant oedema associated with parturition

A
  • Vulval and perineal swelling
  • Blood stained discharge from vulva
  • Death within 24-36 hours from onset of signs
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10
Q

Describe the typical pathology of malignant oedema in cattle

A
  • Site of infection surrounded by extensive oedema of subcut tissue and intramuscular fascia
  • Oedema fluid appearance varies depending on causative agent
  • All body cavities contain bloodstained fluid
  • Parenchymatous organs show degenerative changes and PM decomposition
  • Thickened uterine and vaginal wall if involved
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11
Q

Compare the appearance of fluid depending on causative agent in malignant oedema (novyi, seticum, sordelli)

A
  • Novyi: fluid clear and gelatinous, little muscle damage
  • Septicum: bloodstained frothy oedema, underlying muscle dark red, permeated with gas
  • Sordelli: similar to novyi, fluid more bloodstained and foul odour
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12
Q

How is malignant oedema diagnosed?

A
  • Clinical signs and necropsy

- Identify organisms by fluorescent antibody tests or culture

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13
Q

Outline the treatment of malignant oedema

A
  • High dose antibiotics: parenteral penicillin (or tetracyclines)
  • Debride and drain wounds, and irrigate with antiseptic solutions
  • Supportive treatment with NSAIDs
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14
Q

Outline the prevention of malignant oedema

A

Trivalent vaccines for chauveoi, novyi and septicum

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15
Q

Outline the aetiology of tetanus in cattle

A
  • Spore forming, mainly inhabit soil and GIT
  • Usually enter via puncture wounds, can be genital tract at parturition, surgical wounds, vaccination, other injections
  • Tissue damage and lowered O2 tension allows activation and multiplication
  • Incubation period can be a few days to 4 weeks or more
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16
Q

Describe the aetiology of idiopathic tetanus in cattle

A
  • Ingested, neurotoxin produced in rumen

- Neurotoxin reaches CNS via peripheral nerve trunks

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17
Q

Describe the clinical signs of tetanus in cattle

A
  • Tetanic paralysis
  • prolapse of thrid eyelid
  • Rumen tympani
  • Unsteady on HLs
  • trismus
  • Urine retention
  • Tetanic convulsions and opisthotonus
  • Fatal in 4-5 days in young cattle, within 10 days in older cattle
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18
Q

Describe the pathology that occurs with tetanus in cattle

A

NO gross or microscopic pathological findings that would confirm tetanus, but should attempt to identify site of infection and culture organism

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19
Q

Outline your approach to the diagnosis of tetanus in cattle

A
  • Distinctive clinical signs

- Rule out other differentials

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20
Q

List the differentials that may present similarly to tetanus in cattle, and explain how these can be differentiated from tetanus

A
  • HypoMg: will have convulsions and tetany but no prolapse to third eyelid or ruminal tympani
  • CCN: similar, but no prolapse of TEL and no ruminal tympani
  • Lead poisoning: elevated blood and kidney/liver lead levels are diagnostic
  • Strychnine: investigation of abomasal contents
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21
Q

Outline the treatment of tetanus in cattle

A
  • Euthanasia considered
  • Large doses of penicillin parenterally, continue for at least 7 days
  • Irrigate site of infection and topical antibiotics
  • Neutralise unfixed neurotoxin
  • Induce and maintain muscle relaxation (chlorpromazine or acetyl promazine) until neurotoxin destroyed/eliminated
  • Keep in dark, quiet surrounding, soft bedding
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22
Q

How can tetanus be prevented in cattle?

A

Vaccinations

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23
Q

What is downer cow syndrome?

A

Pathology that develops secondary to prolonged recumbency as a result of muscle and nerve damage, can occur within 6 hours

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24
Q

Outline the prognosis for downer cow syndrome

A
  • Depends on history and clinical presentation
  • Depends on extent to which farm staff are prepared to nurse the recumbent animal
  • Some may need euthanasia immediately
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25
Q

Outline the treatment and management of downer cow syndrome

A
  • Rapidly and effectively address the initial cause of recumbency
  • Limit effects of downer cow syndrome until the animal is able to rise unassisted
  • Asses the animal back to its feet if necessary
  • Ensure comfortable while recumbent
  • NSAIDs
  • Physiotherapy, massage and limb manipulation to encourage blood flow
  • Rolling regularly
  • Barriers to restrict cow onto soft surface
  • Lifting
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26
Q

What are the complications that may occur from prolonged lying in cattle?

A
  • Nerve damage in lower back, Hl, Fl
  • Muscle damage from compression of major muscle groups
  • Bed sores
  • Mastitis
  • Pneumonia
  • Hip dislocations
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27
Q

Give examples of how a downer cow may be encouraged to stand

A
  • Tail lift
  • Nets, slings, cradles and harnesses
  • Bagshaw hoist
  • Inflatable bags (difficult to use)
  • Flotation tank (rarely available)
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28
Q

What are the key advantages and disadvantages of the tail lift method for lifting a recumbent cow?

A
  • Ad: straightforward, cheap

- Disad: only suitable for mildly affected cows

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29
Q

What are the key advantages and disadvantages of using nets, slings, cradles and harnesses for lifting a recumbent cow?

A
  • Ad: relatively cheap and straighforward

- Disad: can be difficult to fit, must be fitted correctly, cow must be accessible to lifting machinery

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30
Q

What are the key advantages and disadvantages of the Bagshaw hoist for lifting a recumbent cow?

A
  • Ad: relatively cheap and straightforward, easier to fit than nets, slings, cradles and harnesses
  • Disad: must be tightened properly to avoid injury, potential welfare concerns, cow must be accessible to lifting machinery
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31
Q

What are the key advantages and disadvantages of inflatable bafs for lifting a recumbent cow?

A
  • Ad: do not require cow to be accessibe to lifting machinery
  • Disad: difficult to use effectively, time consuming
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32
Q

What are the key advantages and disadvantages of a flotation tank for lifting a recumbent cow?

A
  • Ad: probably best, most appropriate and cow friendly system
  • Disad: very expensive, very time consuming
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33
Q

Discuss the risks of lifting down cows

A
  • Only to be used if cow is trying to stand effectively, must be able to take some of her own weight
  • Lifting may cause damage through pressure from lifting devices causing swellings and pain
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34
Q

What methods can be used to move a down cow?

A
  • Load onto a carry all on back of a tractor and secure effectively
  • Load into a front end loader bucket on front of a tractor
  • Carry in a sling
  • Hip clamps only over short distance, with belt or strap supporting under her chest
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35
Q

What methods for moving down cows should be avoided?

A
  • Hip clamps alone

- Dragging

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36
Q

Discuss the monitoring of down cows

A
  • Assess response to treatment at regular intervals
  • Non-alert cows rechecked within 2-4 hours, then again in 6-8 hours
  • For alert cows reassess within 8-12hours
  • Assess at least once a day after first day of being down
  • Assess repsonse to treatment, original diagnosis, treatment of secondary damage, nursing protocols, lifting, consider euthanasia
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37
Q

What is the time limit for a downer cow?

A

No time limit on nursing downer cow as long as welfare is not compromised

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38
Q

List the indications for euthanasia of a downer cow

A
  • Incurable conditions e.g. fracture, tendon rupture
  • Lack of response to treatment of primary condition in reasonable time
  • Alert becomes non-alert
  • Pain, suffering
  • Unable/unwilling to maintain sternal recumebncy
  • Anorexia, adipsia
  • Obvious bed sores/swollen joints/limbs
  • Insufficient staff/facilities to provide nursing care
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39
Q

Describe the aetiology of sole ulceration in cattle

A
  • Movement of P3 +/- claw overgrowth +/- external pressure leads to pinching of corium and germinal epithelium between P3 and hoof capsule
  • changes in structure and function of digital cushion may lead to poor cushioning
  • Formation of new bone on P3 may exacerbate problem
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40
Q

Where do sole ulceration lesions typically occur in cattle?

A

Back of the foot

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41
Q

Describe the development of sole ulcer lesions in cattle as a result of the underlying aetiology

A
  • Mild: incorporation of blood into horn as sole is produced
  • Moderate: partial/intermittent interruption of horn production at sole ulcer site
  • Severe: horn production completely arrested at sole ulcer site for a prolonged period
42
Q

Outline the clinical signs and presentation of sole ulcers in cattle

A
  • Slight to severe lameness (does not relate to severity of lesion)
  • Often both hind feet, one usually worse
  • Usually lateral claw of HF and medial claw of FF
  • Haemorrhagic discolourisation
  • Possible secondary infection
43
Q

Explain why a normal trim may not identify sole ulcer lesions

A
  • Corium needs to grow to point where can be seen

- If lame but nothing seen on trim, go back and check again in a few weeks

44
Q

How are sole ulcers diagnosed in cattle?

A

Pathognomic once inspected and trimmed

45
Q

Outline the treatment of sole ulcers in cattle

A
  • Corrective trimming (reduce height of affect claw, dish site)
  • Remove underrun horn and granuloma if present
  • Apply foot block to sound claw
  • Administer NSAIDs for 3 days
  • Administer parenteral antibiotics if infected (not routine)
  • Place on deep straw if severe
46
Q

Discuss the prognosis of sole ulcers in cattle

A
  • Good in simple cases
  • Poor if multiple claws affected, severe, deep digital ulcer present
  • High risk of going lame again
47
Q

What are the risk factors for the development of sole ulcers in cattle?

A
  • Walking and standing for long periods on hard surfaces esp. post-calving
  • Hoof overgrowth
  • Periparturient period (increased movement of pedal bone)
  • Loss of BCS (leads to loss of fat from digital cushion)
48
Q

Discuss the control measures that may help prevent sole ulcers in cattle

A
  • Reduce walking and standing time on concrete (cubicle training, fresh cow groups, rubber matting)
  • Improve cubicle comfort to increase lying time
  • Regular foot trimming to prevent overgrowth
49
Q

Discuss the potential consequences of deep digital sepsis in cattle

A
  • May track up into flexor tendon or joint

- Occasionally get osteomyelitis, more commonly infection of DIP joint

50
Q

Discuss the treatment of deep digital sepsis in cattle

A
  • Surgical interventions may result in long term best prognosis, but short term has significant impact on welfare
  • Can take up to 1 year to heal
51
Q

Discuss the aetiology of digital dermatitis in cattle

A
  • Mutlifactorial infectious bacterial disease (3 groups of spirochetes - Treponema)
  • Unsure of mechanism of entry
  • Lesions on infected animals are main and possibly only reservoir for pathogen
  • Thought to transmit in slurry or hoof knives
  • Usually manifests when cattle are housed together
52
Q

Outline the clinical signs of digital dermatitis in cattle

A
  • Mild lameness, becomes severe if not treated
  • Interdigital area behind heel bulbs normally affected
  • Small circular moist browny grey exudative areas of epidermal liquefaction and matting surrounding hair/crusty lesion with matted hair
  • Raw dermal granulation tissue
  • Hairy warts can form
53
Q

Give the 3 groups of spirochaetes implicated in digital dermatitis in cattle

A
  • Group 1: Treponema medium/vincentii like
  • Group 2: Treponema phagedenis like
  • Group 3: Treponema pedis
54
Q

Describe the “M0” digital dermatitis classification

A

Normal digital skin without any signs of DD

55
Q

Describe an “M1” digital dermatitis lesion

A
  • Early, small circumscribed red to grey epithelial defect <2cm diameter that precedes acute M2 stage
  • Usually not lame, not too uncomfortable
  • may be found whilst looking for other lameness lesions
56
Q

Describe an “M2” digital dermatitis lesion

A
  • Acute, active ulcerative (bright red) or granulomatous (red-grey) digital skin alteration >2cm diameter
  • Toe touching stance, hold foot up, shaking feet when walking
  • Very painful
57
Q

Describe an “M3” digital dermatitis lesion

A
  • Healing stage within 1 or 2 days after topical treatment
  • Acute lesion has covered itself with firm scab like material
  • Crust thicker, redness disappears
  • Firmer crust than M2 lesion
58
Q

Describe an “M4.1” digital dermatitis lesion

A
  • Chronic lesion with subacute components

- May relapse back to acute infection

59
Q

Discuss the importance of the digital dermatitis cycle with regards to the M classifications

A
  • When trying to control DD, try to reduce M2 lesions by treating these
  • This will reduce the number of lame animals and the reservoir for infection
  • Most footbaths etc. are aimed at reducing the number of M4s
60
Q

Discuss the 3 types of digital dermatitis animals

A
  • Type 1: does not develop M2 lesions, but can show M1 and M4
  • Types 2: single episode of M2 followed by prolonged period (months - years) of absence of acute DD
  • Type 3: repeat episodes of acute M2 lesions (interval between episodes can be as short as 10-14 days)
61
Q

How is digital dermatitis diagnosed?

A

Clean and examine foot for pathognomic lesions

62
Q

Discuss the treatment of digital dermatitis in individual cattle

A
  • Clean, remove matted hair and scab to exposie lesions
  • Dry, apply topical antibiotic oxytet spray, repeat for 3 days
  • OR bandage with antibacterial products e.g. copper sulphate powder (off licence)
  • Parental antibiotics effective but may not be cost effective or justifiable
  • Care re spread of infection to other animals on foot trimming equipment
63
Q

Discuss the treatment of digital dermatitis in cattle at herd level

A
  • Antibiotic footbaths but now considered unacceptable use of ABs
  • Targeted topical treatment following identification of animals with lesions in milking parlour is better
64
Q

Discuss the prognosis for digital dermatitis in cattle

A
  • Good except if lesions on front of food

- Newer presentations of super-infection onto other claw horn lesions may be more difficult to treat

65
Q

Explain why digital dermatitis lesions on the front of the food have a worse prognosis

A
  • Cause damage to the periople
  • Impairs production of wall
  • Leads to underunning
66
Q

Identify the risk factors for digital dermatitis in cattle

A
  • Housing (cf. pasture)
  • Wet and dirty conditions
  • Automatic scrapers
  • Herd expansion/poor biosecurity
  • Younger cows
  • High production
67
Q

Discuss the prevention of digital dermatitis in cattle

A
  • Maintain clean environment and foot trimming equipment

- Routine/regular disinfectant foot baths

68
Q

Outline the aetiology of white line disease in cattle

A
  • Junction of sole and wall is area of weakness
  • Movement of P3, environmental risks, problems with digital cushion leading to initial haemorrhage of white line which may then separate
  • Standing on concrete, direct and stones impaction exacerbates separation
  • White line seals over, trapping infection, pus produced expands within potential space under sole causing pain
  • Infection can track up wall
69
Q

Outline the clinical signs of white line disease in cattle

A
  • Moderate to severe lameness
  • Lateral claw more common
  • Swelling
  • Leg abducted to bear weight on medial claw
  • Small black dots along white line
70
Q

Outline how white line disease in cattle is diagnosed

A
  • Pain if tweak claw
  • White line impaction and abscess if trimmed and explored
  • Small pin prick size holes to large areas of impaction on the white line
  • Can cut down to expose tract (but difficult for horn to grow back after this)
71
Q

Outline the treatment of white line disease in cattle

A
  • Trim and balance both claws
  • Explore tract, drain abscess, remove under run sole
  • Remove section of wall if tracked up
  • Antibiotic dressing for max 48hours
  • Block on contralateral claw
  • NSAIDs
72
Q

When would the administration of parenteral antibiotics be justified in the treatment of white line disease in cattle?

A

If necrotic corium is found

73
Q

Discuss the prognosis for white line disease in cattle

A
  • Good if simple sole abscess
  • More difficult if tracks up
  • may progress to deep digital sepsis
74
Q

Outline the risk factors for white line disease in cattle

A
  • Periparturient increase in movement of pedal bone
  • Loss of fat from digital cushion
  • Poor underfoot conditions
  • presence of small sharp foreign bodies in environment e.g. flint stones
  • Turning sharply on concrete surfaces
75
Q

Discuss the control of white line disease in cattle

A
  • Improve cow tracks
  • Improve underfoot conditions
  • Reduce bullying and improve cow flow
  • Addition of 20mg/cow/day of biotin to diet
76
Q

What is interdigital necrobacillosis in cattle also known as?

A
  • Foul
  • Foul in the foot
  • Claw ill
  • Lewer
77
Q

Discus the aetiology of interdigital necrobacillosis

A
  • Acute necrotising inflammation of interdigital skin
  • Fusobacterium necrophorum +/- secondaries
  • damage to skin e.g. FBs, rough underfoot conditions
78
Q

Outline the clinical signs of interdigital necrobacillosis

A
  • Sudden onset moderate to severe lameness
  • Swelling of soft tissues above and around coronary band and between digits (digits spread apart)
  • Swollen, hot, inflamed, painful
  • Split in interdigital space which discharges pus and necrotic tissue
  • Characteristic foul smell
  • Swelling can track into tendon sheaths
  • Anorexia, drop in milk yield, weight loss, pyrexia
79
Q

How is interdigital necrobacillosis in cattle diagnosed

A

Signs are pathognomic once foot is examined

80
Q

Outline the treatment of interdigital necrobacillosis in cattle

A
  • Check interdigital space for FBs
  • Wash and flush with plenty of clean water
  • Debridement of necrotic tissue if present
  • Apply topical ABs
  • Parenteral antibiotics 3-5 days
  • e.g. oxytet, penicillin/pen+strep, suphamethoxypyridazine
81
Q

Discuss the prognosis of interdigital necrobacillosis in cattle

A
  • Good if treated early

- Deep digital sepsis can result in aggressive cases or if left untreated

82
Q

Discuss the risk factors for interdigital necrobacillosis in cattle

A
  • Poor (rough/sharp) underfoot conditions

- Unhygienic underfoot conditions

83
Q

Discuss the control measures that can be used against interdigital necrobacillosis in cattle

A
  • Improve underfoot conditions

- Foot bathing

84
Q

Explain what is meant by superfoul in cattle

A
  • More aggressive and severe form of interdigital necrobacillosis
  • Quickly invades deeper structures of foot
85
Q

Discuss the treatment of superfoul in cattle

A
  • Early aggressive therapy require
  • Clean, debride and flush (use IVRA to provide analgesia for flushing)
  • Pack with antibiotic and bandage (e.g. oxytet?)
  • Systemic antibiotics until signs resolve e.g. pen/pen+strep
86
Q

Outline the aetiology of sole haemorrhage/bruising in cattle

A
  • Traumatic damage to corium between pedal bone and sole leading to blood being incorporated into sole horn as it is produced
  • Can occur as a result of movement of the pedal bone and inadequate cushioning from digital cushion
87
Q

Outline the clinical signs of sole haemorrhage in cattle

A
  • Low grade lameness/tenderness

- Sole contains areas of bruising (may take weeks to become visible as sole grows out)

88
Q

Outline the diagnosis of sole haemorrhage in cattle

A
  • Usually visible
  • If not reached weight bearing surface, may only not pain when area is percussed/pinched or by exclusion of other causes
89
Q

Discuss the treatment of sole haemorrhage in cattle

A
  • Depends on degree of lameness, severity of lesions
  • Trim overgrown feet
  • Apply block to unaffected claw
  • Course of NSAIDs
  • Keep on straw for 1-2 weeks if no block
90
Q

How can sole bruising in cattle be prevented?

A

Ensure optimal underfoot conditions, encourage lying

91
Q

What are the possible consequences of foreign body penetrations into the feet of cattle?

A

Carry infection through sole to corium which then establish infection and abscesses in a similar way to white line disease

92
Q

Describe the clinical signs of foreign body penetrations into the feet of cattle

A
  • Similar to white line disease
  • Lameness often peracute in onset
  • Severe if FB still in sole
  • Black tracks in the sole leading to sub-sole abscess (diagnostic)
93
Q

Discuss the treatment and prognosis for foreign body penetrations into the feet of cattle

A
  • Treatment: open lesion and allow to drain, open enough to prevent re-impaction of affected area with debris from the environment
  • Prognosis: good as for WLD, occasionally may penetrate deep and cause deep digital sepsis
94
Q

Outline the aetiology of heel horn erosion in cattle

A
  • Aka slurry heel
  • Standing in wet corrosive slurry causes erosion of soft horn of heel forming pits and fissures in heel
  • Heel eventually disappears completely if severe or untreated
95
Q

Outline the treatment of heel erosion in cattle

A
  • Trim away loose and fissured horn, spare healthy heel

- Corrective trimming to increase angle of front wall to ground to reduce the pressure on the sole ulcer site

96
Q

Discuss the prevention of heel erosion in cattle

A
  • Regular formalin foot bathing through winter to harden feet
  • Improve underfoot conditions
  • Avoid standing in slurry
97
Q

Discuss the prognosis of heel erosion in cattle

A
  • Good if treated before complete destruction of heel
  • If destroyed, foot rotates backwards and get shallow hoof angle
  • Pressure exerted by caudal palmar edge of pedal bone increases which can lead to pinching of corium and development of sole haemorrhage and eventually sole ulcers
98
Q

Discuss the aetiology of vertical fissure (sand cracks) in cattle

A
  • Damage to periople or underlying wall producing corium
  • Common causes are digital dermatitis lesions on front wall of foot, and trauma, very hot dry sandy conditions in summer
99
Q

Outline the clinical signs of vertical fissures in cattle

A
  • Often asymptomatic

- If underlying laminae involved, or crack infected, severe lameness can ensue

100
Q

Discuss the treatment of vertical fissures in cattle

A
  • Crack opened and underlying abscess exposed and allowed to drain
  • If granulation tissue develops following opened crack, resect granulation tissue and apply block to sound claw

MSK2 (29 decks)

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