Chapter 6

Question 1

What is cognitive reserve?

Answer 1

refers to exceptional mental performance, particularly when a person has to work at maximum mental capacity; first observed in cognitively impaired people who performed better than expected in everyday life.

Question 2

Define Competency

Answer 2

the ability to understand information that applies to a decision, the ability to think about the consequences of the decision, and the ability to communicate a decision.

Question 3

What is the constant-probability-of-success model

Answer 3

states that the ratio of quality works to total works produced during a career stays the same at every stage of the career

Question 4

what is contextual view of memory?

Answer 4

the idea that many conditions influence memory, including physical, psychological, and social contexts and the knowledge, abilities, and characteristics of the individual, as well as the situation I which the individual is asked to remember.

Question 5

define crystallized intelligence

Answer 5

depends on stored information acculturation, and learning.

Question 6

define depression

Answer 6

the emotional state of feeling sad, helpless, irritable, and hopeless

Question 7

define developmental disability

Answer 7

a significant impairment in mental ability to present at birth or acquired in childhood or adolescence

Question 8

define developmental intelligence

Answer 8

the growth of wisdom in later life - an advanced style of cognition

Question 9

define encoding

Answer 9

the process whereby a person puts new bits of information together wit already stored information

Question 10

define episodic memory

Answer 10

oriented toward the past or acquired at a specific time and place, as in learning in an experimental setting

Question 11

define fluid intelligence

Answer 11

reasoning, abstracting, concept formation, and problem solving, with little use for knowledge gained through reading, school, or work.

Question 12

define intellectual disability

Answer 12

refers to disorders that lead to limited mental capacity and problems with daily activities such as managing money and social interaction

Question 13

define latency

Answer 13

the length of time it takes for a person to process information or respond to a question

Question 14

define legal guardian ship

Answer 14

process in which the court appoints someone to make decisions on another persons behalf

Question 15

define long term memory

Answer 15

the storehouse of knowledge that also includes the rules for applying knowledge

Question 16

memory

Answer 16

the recall of information after learning has taken place

Question 17

Define non-episodic memory

Answer 17

oriented toward the present or the future, with. No reference to the time at which the person stored the memory; includes learned skills through practice or a person’s general knowledge in the world

Question 18

Define plasticity

Answer 18

the brain’s ability to change and adapt over time

Question 19

What is semantic memory?

Answer 19

the store of factual information

Question 20

What is sensory memory?

Answer 20

information perceived through the senses and stored as memory

Question 21

What is short-term memory?

Answer 21

where information is stored temporarily while it is being processed, or for a short time afterward

Question 22

Define stereotype threat

Answer 22

an older person’s fear of failure on memory tests; this can lead to poor performance

Question 23

Define wisdom

Answer 23

“highly valued and outstanding expert knowledge . . . Related to the meaning and conduct of life”

Question 24

Define working memory

Answer 24

where recently acquired information is manipulated and processed at the same time as it is being stored temporarily