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Microbiology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what Luca means

A

last universal common ancestor

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2
Q

properties of all cells (4)

A
    • all cells have intracellular composition different from the outside
      1. metabolism (cells take up nutrients,transform them, and expelled waste
      2. growth (nutrients from the environment are converted into new cells materials to form new cells)
      3. evolution (cells evolve to display new properties)
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3
Q

two aspects of the metabolism (a propriety of all cells)

A
  1. genetic

2. catalytic

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4
Q

4 properties of some cells

A
  1. differentiation (some cells can form new cell structuressuch as a spore)
  2. communication (interact with each other by chemical messenger)
  3. genetical exchange (by different mecanisms)
  4. motility (capable of cell propulsion)
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5
Q

definition of metabolism

A

generation of precursors of macromolecules (sugars, amino acids, fatty acids..)

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6
Q

the bigger you get….

A

the relatively less surface you have

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7
Q

what are the limits in diameter

A

0,5 um- 750 um

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8
Q

3 roles of the membrane

A
  1. permeability barrier
  2. protein anchor
  3. energy conservation
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9
Q

major phospholipids in the membrane found in the bacteria

A

phosphatidylethanolamine

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10
Q

in the structure of the phospholipids, what the archaea doesn’t have compare to the bacteria/eukaryote

A

the double bond (ether bond instead of the ester)

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11
Q

membrane of archea is bi or monobilayer

A

monolayer

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12
Q

type of sterol in animal cells, fungi and plant cells

A

animal: cholesterol
fungi: ergosterol
plant and some protozoans: stigmasterol

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13
Q

in bacteria + archaea, sterol are majority absent so the membrane is stabilize by what

A

hopanoid

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14
Q

storage structure present in bacteria but not eukaryote

A

plasmid

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15
Q

the place DNA is is found in :bacteria, eukaryote

A

bacteria: cytoplasm
eukaryote: nucleus

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16
Q

robosome is composed of (2)

A

ribosomal RNA and proteins

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17
Q

role of ribosome

A

translate mRNA into amino acids chains in order to form proteins

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18
Q

where are the robosomes in bacteria and eukaryote

A

bacteria: free in the cytoplasm or attached to the cytoplasmic membrane
eukaryote: free in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum

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19
Q

number of subunits in the ribosome of prokaryotes

A

70S (30S + 50S) subunits

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20
Q

number of subunits in the ribosome of eukaryotes

A

80S (40S + 60S) subunits

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21
Q

what are organelles

A

compartiment made of membranes (phospholipids bilayer and proteins)

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22
Q

cellulose (polymer of glucose) is the composition of the cell membranes of which species (3)

A

plants, algae and some fungi

23
Q

cell wall molecules of fungi

A

chitin (polymer of N-acetylglucosamine

24
Q

characteristics of euchromatin (2)

A

loosely packed, actively transcribed

25
Q

characteristics of heterochromatin (20

A

densely packed, low level of transcritption

26
Q

DNA wraped around _____ which form loops of DNA called ______. These ____ coil and stack together to form fibers called ______. These ones in turn form larger loops and coils to form _______

A

histones
nucleosome
chromatin
chromosome

27
Q

what is formed during translation

A

ribosome-mRNA complex

28
Q

what happens to the ribosome-mRNA complex in the case of cytoplasmic proteins

A

they stay free in the cytoplasm

29
Q

what happens to the ribosome-mRNA complex in the case of membrane proteins, secreted proteins or vesicular proteins

A

it is directed to the ER

30
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum

A

a system of membranous channel, the membrane is composed of a bilayer of phospholipid

31
Q

characteristics of rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes

important for protein synthesis

32
Q

characteristics of smooth ER

A

no ribosomes, involved in synthesis of lipid

33
Q

proteins destined for secretion are synthesizedd by what

A

ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

34
Q

what is the Golgi body + role

A

a set of membrane compartiments involved in further processing of proteins and their distribution. Proteins are packaged in vesicles and transported to where they are required

35
Q

Golgi body- an example is the lysosomes (what is it + function)

A

internal vesicles that contains hydrolytic enzymes required for degradation of material brought brought in by phagocytos and endocytos

36
Q

role of mitochondria + what they are able to synthesize

A

production of the majority of the ATP required by the cells

able to synthesize some of their own proteins (the other ones are imported from the cytoplasm of the cell)

37
Q

characteristics of the outer membrane of the mitochondria

A

many porins proteins, makes this membrane permeable to small molecules

38
Q

characteristics of the inner membrane of mitochondria

A 
75% proteins, 25% lipids
transports proteins (regulated transport), enzymes,cytochromes, ATPase
39
Q

composition of the matrix of the mitochondria (3)

A

enzyme (citric acid cycle), DNA, ribosomes (70S)

40
Q

3 characteristics of stroma and it is the site of what

A

circular DNA
70S ribosomes
enzymes of the Calvin cycle
stroma is the site of the Calvin cycle: assimilation of CO2, biosynthesis

41
Q

what is thylakoid

A

closed system of interconnecting sacks and tubules

42
Q

what thylakoids contains

A

enzymes and pigments that harvest light energy and the membrane-bound ATPases that use this energy to produce ATP

43
Q

3 examples of intermediaire filament

A

keratin, desmin, vimentin

44
Q

name of the 2 proteins that attach to vesicles or organelles and walk on microtubules to transport their cargos to where they are required

A

kinesin and dynein

45
Q

role of microtubules

A

microtubules serve as highways for the transport of organelles and vesicles around the cytoplasm

46
Q

structure of actin filament

A

strands in double helix

47
Q

structure of intermediaire filaments

A

fibers wound into thicker cables

48
Q

structure of microtubules

A

hollow tube

49
Q

4 role of actin filament

A
  1. maintain cell shape by resisting tension
  2. move cells via muscle contraction or cell crawling
  3. divide animal cells in two
  4. move organelles and cytoplasm in plants, fungi and animals
50
Q

2 roles of intermediate filaments

A
  1. maintain cell shape by resisting tension

2. anchor nucleus and other organelles

51
Q

6 roles of microtubules

A
  1. maintain cell shape by resisting compression (push)
  2. move cells via flagella or cilia
  3. move chromosome during cell division
  4. assist formation of plate during plant cell division
  5. move organelles
  6. provide track for intracellular transport
52
Q

how does the dynein arms create movement

A

they slide the doublets past each other, creating movement

53
Q

2 major differences between membranes of bacteria and archaea

A
  • bacteria/eukaryotes: ester linkages and fatty acids

- archaea: ether linkages and isoprene units to form a phytanyl group, not a fatty acid

54
Q

4 membrane proteins

A

transporters
enzymes
sensors
adhesins

Microbiology (25 decks)

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