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Child Health > Immunisation > Flashcards

Immunisation Flashcards

1
Q

how does immunisation control communicable diseases

A

prevent onset of disease (primary prevention)
interrupt transmission
alter course of infection/disease to prevent or limit consequences (secondary prevention)

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2
Q

give examples secondary prevention immunisation

A

immunoglobulin e.g. Hep B, rabies, varicella zoster

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3
Q

how do vaccine work

A

teaches immune system to recognise pathogens, which helps to fight them

induce cell mediates immunity responses and serum antibodies

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4
Q

what are the immunity mechanisms

A

active immunity
passive immunity
herd immunity

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5
Q

what usually makes up antigens

A

usually proteins or polysaccharides (sugars)

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6
Q

how are antibodies produced

A

B cells- humoral immune system

T cells- cell mediated immune system (CD4+ and CD8+ cells)

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7
Q

where do B cells mature

A

bone marrow

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8
Q

where do T cells mature

A

in the thymus

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9
Q

what is passive immunity

A

transfer of pre-formed antibodies (immunoglobulins)

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10
Q

what are the mechanisms of passive immunity

A

mother to unborn baby (via placenta)

from another person or animal (blood donors, human normal Ig, specific Ig)

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11
Q

what are the two passive immunity vaccines

A

human immunoglobulin- Hep B, rabies, varicella zoster

anti-toxin- diphtheria, botulinum

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12
Q

what are the advantages of passive immunity vaccines

A

rapid action, post exposure, can attenuate illness, outbreak control, can be used if contraindication to active vaccination

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13
Q

what are the disadvantages of passive immunity vaccines

A

short term protection, short term window, blood-derived, hypersensitivity reaction, expensive

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14
Q

what are the mechanisms of active immunisation

A

natural infection, artificial immunisation

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15
Q

what are the two types of vaccine

A

live virus vaccines- attenuated organism replicates in host

inactivated vaccines- suspensions of killed organisms, subunit vaccines, conjugate vaccines

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16
Q

give examples of live virus vaccines

A

OPV (polio), measles, mumps, rebella, varicella, rotavirus, flu

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17
Q

give examples of inactivated viruses that are suspensions of killed organisms

A

whole cell pertussis, whole cell typhoid

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18
Q

give examples of inactivated viruses that are subunit vaccines

A

toxoids (diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, pertussis toxoid)
polysaccharides (pneumococcal, typhoid)

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19
Q

give examples of inactivated viruses that are conjugate vaccines

A

polysaccharide attached to immunogenic proteins - Hib, Men C

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20
Q

what are the contraindications to vaccines

A

confirmed anaphylaxis reaction to previous dose

live vaccines- immunosuppression, pregnancy

egg alergy (yellow fever, flu)

severe latex allergy

acute or evolving illness

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21
Q

what is the role of herd immunity

A

protects unvaccinated individuals through having sufficiently large proportion of population vaccinated

vaccinated stop the transmission of the organism

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22
Q

what does herd immunity depend on

A

transmissibility and infectiousness of organism
social mixing in the population
requires that there is no other reservoir of infection

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23
Q

why should vaccination schedules be followed closely

A

as diseases might be age specific, risk of complications, ability to respond

24
Q

what vaccinations may be given to at risk children

A

flu (annual), pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, BCG, hep B

25
Q

what vaccinations do you get as adults

A

pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, shingles, seasonal flu, ones for travel/ occupation

26
Q

what are the symptoms of diphtheria

A

sore throat, low grade fever, white adherent membrane on the tonsils, pharynx and or nasal cavity

27
Q

what is in hexavalent (6 in one) vaccine

A

diptheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, haemophilus influenza type b, hepatitis

28
Q

what causes meningococcal disease (meningitis, septicaemia, men&sept)

A

neisseria meningitidis

29
Q

what are the persistent symptoms that can occur after meningococcal disease

A

persistent neurological defects- hearing loss, speech disorders, loss of limbs and paralysis

30
Q

what are the vaccines you should have had at 2 months

A

hexavalent (DTaP/ IPV/ HiB/ HepB) menB, rotavirus, PCV

31
Q

what are the notifiable diseases that are vaccinated against

A

diptheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, rubella, mumps, measles, hib, meningococcal

32
Q

how is meningococcal disease spread

A

person to person contact through respiratory droplets of infected people

33
Q

what is the incubation period for meningococcal disease

A

3-5 days

34
Q

what is a common reservoir of meningococcal disease

A

colonisation of nasopharynx

35
Q

what are the two age peaks of meningococcal disease

A

> 5 years and 15-24 years

36
Q

what are the symptoms of meningitis

A

fever and/or vomiting, severe headache, limb/joint/muscle pain, cold hands or feet/shivering, pale or mottled skin, breathing fast/ breathless, rash (non blanching), stiff neck, dislike of bright light, very sleepy/vacant/difficult to wake, confused/delirious, seizures

37
Q

what strains of meningococcal disease are vaccinated against

A

A, C, W, Y135 and B

38
Q

how do vaccine reduce burden of disease

A

prevent: acute infection, death, long term complications

39
Q

how is the uptake of vaccines affected by deprivation

A

most deprived areas have lower uptakes up vaccines

40
Q

what are the challenges to vaccination schedules

A

continual change and renewal (new evidence), flu (unpredictable), hesitancy of population

41
Q

what is the elimination of disease

A

reduction to zero of the incidence of a specific disease in a defined geographical area as a result of deliberate efforts - continued intervention measures are required

42
Q

what is the eradication of a disease

A

permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection as a result of deliberate efforts, intervention measures no longer needed (smallpox)

43
Q

what is the extinction of a disease

A

specific infectious agent no longer exists in nature or lab

44
Q

define the control of a disease

A

reduction of disease to locally acceptable level- continues intervention required

45
Q

what is the elimination of INFECTIONS (as apposed to elimination of disease)

A

reduction to zero incidence of specific infection caused by specific agent

46
Q

where do the majority of malaria cases occur

A

africa south of the sahara

47
Q

what vaccines exists against non infectious conditions

A

CYT009-GhrQb- works against obesity, instructs production of anti-ghrelin antibody response (ghrenlin is a peptide regulator of eating behaviour)

BCG- (vaccinates against TB but also) bladder cancer treatment and on trial as treatment for type 1 diabetes

48
Q

what diseases do you vaccinate against

A 
diphtheria
rotavirus 
meningococcal 
Hib 
Hepatitis B
measles 
Mumps 
rubella 
HPV- cervical cancer
Flu 
pneumococcal 
shingles (adults)
polio 
tetanus 
whooping cough
49
Q

what vaccinations do you get at 3 months

A

hexavalent (DTaP/ IPV/ HiB/ HepB)

rotavirus

50
Q

what vaccinations do you get at 4 months

A

hexavalent (DTaP/ IPV/ HiB/ HepB)
menB
PCV

51
Q

what vaccinations do you get at 12-13 months

A

men B, PCV, Hib/MenC, MMR

52
Q

what vaccines do you get at 3 years 4 months- 5 years

A

MMR and DTap/ IPV

53
Q

what vaccines do you get at 2 - 12 years

A

flu

54
Q

what vaccinations do girls get at ages 12-13 (s1 and 2)

A

HPV (two doses)

55
Q

what do vaccinations do children get at 13-14 years (S3)

A

Td/ IPV

menACWY

56
Q

what vaccination is given opportunistically in secondary schools

A

MMR

Child Health (17 decks)

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