Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Child Health > Public Health > Flashcards

Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

What are the aims of immunisation

A

To control communicable diseases
Prevent the onset of disease through primary prevention
Interrupt transmission of disease
Alter disease progression or limit consequences through secondary prevention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How are vaccines used in primary prevention

A

Given pre-exposure to antigen to develop immunity
Helps those who are currently healthy to reduce their risk of a specific disease
E.g. childhood schedule, given to older people, travel vaccines, high risk groups, occupational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do vaccines work

A

They teach the immune system to recognise bacteria and viruses before the person encounters them naturally
This allows the body to effectively fight the pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is active immunity

A

The person has been exposed to the pathogen in the environment or artificially and produced an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are antigens

A

Parts of bacteria and viruses, which are recognised by the immune system
Usually proteins or polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are antibodies

A

Proteins which bind to antigens - very specific

When they bind it alerts other immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe B cells

A

Mature in bone marrow

Triggered to produce antibodies when they encounter a foreign antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe T cells

A

Mature in thymus
Exist as CD4 and CD8
Orchestrate response of immune system by binding to other cells and sending out signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is passive immunity

A

Transfer of pre-formed antibodies from one person to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How can passive immunity occur

A

Mother to unborn baby via placenta - lasts up to 1 year

From another person or animal - blood donors, human Ig or specific Ig

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the advantages of passive immunity via immunoglobulin transfers

A

Rapid action
Can be given post exposure
Can control outbreaks
Used if vaccine is contraindicated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the disadvantages of passive immunity via immunoglobulin transfers

A 
Short term protection 
Short time window 
Blood derived 
May trigger hypersensitivity reaction 
expensive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the preferred means of immunisation

A

Active immunity through vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List the different types of vaccines

A 
Live virus - attenuated so less effective at causing disease but still triggers immune response
Inactivated: 
Killed organism 
Subunit vaccines 
Conjugate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the benefits of inactivated vaccines

A

Safer

Suited to bacterial pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List contraindications to vaccines

A

Confrimed anaphylaxis in response to previous dose
Cannot give live vaccines to immunosuppressed or pregnant patients
Egg allergy - used in production of some vaccines
Severe latex allergy
Acute illness (until resolves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is herd immunity

A

Protect unvaccinated individuals, through having sufficiently large proportion of population vaccinated
Those who are vaccinated stop transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which diseases are routinely vaccinated against in the UK

A 
Diphtheria 
Whooping cough 
Tetanus 
Polio 
Hib 
Meningococcal 
Measles 
Mumps 
Rubella 
Flu 
Pneumococcal 
HPV 
Hep B
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are notifiable diseases

A

When there is clinical suspicion or a health risk state associated with this specific disease and the doctors have a legal duty to report it to the health board

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do you notify a health board of a disease

A

In writing within 3 days

Notify ASAP via phone if deemed urgent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is diphtheria

A

URTI characterized by sore throat, low grade fever
Get a white membrane of tonsils, pharynx etc
Caused by gram + bacterium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

For which meningococcal disease serogroups is a vaccine available

A 
A 
C
W
Y135 
B
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How are meningococcal diseases spread

A

Spread by person-to-person contact through respiratory droplets of infected people (close contact)
In some people it is part of normal flora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do the boards decide which vaccines are needed

A

Is there a need for it (epidemiological factors)?
Does it work?
Costs
Acceptability - any safety issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the under 5 mortality rate

A

Probability of a child born in a specific year or period dying before reaching the age of 5
(per 1000 live births)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the infant mortality rate

A

Probability of a child born in a specific year or period dying before reaching the age of 1
(per 1000 live births)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the top 5 causes of under 5 mortality globally

A 
Preterm birth complications 
Pneumonia 
Intrapartum-related complications - obstructed labour/asphyxia 
Diarrhoea 
Neonatal sepsis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the top 5 causes of under 5 mortality in Africa

A 
Diarrhoea 
Pneumonia
Malaria
Preterm birth complications
Intrapartum-related complications
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what percentage of child deaths are linked to malnutrition

A

45%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is considered the most dangerous period of a child’s life

A

The first 24 hours

Many babies die in this window

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What simple measures can be used to decrease neonatal death

A

Proper antenatal care: tetanus vaccine and treatment of maternal infection (HIV, syphilis)
Steroids for pre-term labour
Skilled birth attendant
Clean delivery, warm baby and able to resuscitate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How do you prevent neonates dying of syphilis that they got from mum

A

Give a single dose of penicillin to mum when she is pregnant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Why do you give steroid in pre-term births

A

Helps the lungs develop sufficiently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the risk factors for developing pneumonia in kids

A

Malnutrition
Over-crowding
Indoor air pollution
Parental smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How can you prevent pneumonia in kids

A

Vaccinations
Breastfeeding then complimentary nutrition
Good hygiene

36
Q

How do you prevent diarrhoea in kids

A

Safe drinking water, good hygiene and sanitation
Breastfeeding and good nutrition
Vaccination - rotavirus

37
Q

What is the major cause of diarrhoea in kids

A

Contaminated water and food sources

38
Q

How do you treat diarrhoea in kids

A

Oral rehydration solution (ORS)

Zinc supplements

39
Q

How do the majority of children get HIV

A

Mother to child transmission

Can occur in pregnancy, during birth or through breastfeeding

40
Q

How do you prevent kids getting HIV

A

Maternal lifelong antiretroviral treatment
Screen for and treat other STDs, especially herpes
Infant prophylaxis for 6 weeks

41
Q

How does HIV present in kids

A 
Recurrent or severe childhood illnesses or oral candidiasis 
Failure to thrive or grow 
Fever 
Lymphadenopathy 
Hepatosplenomegaly  
PJP, Kaposi sarcoma, TB
42
Q

How do you treat HIV in kids

A

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)

2 NRTI’s and NNRTI or protease inhibitor

43
Q

What are the risk factors for kids developing TB

A

HIV
Malnutrition
Household contact

44
Q

How does TB present in kids

A

Chronic cough or fever lasting more than 2 weeks
Night sweats
weight loss
Lymphadenopathy

45
Q

How can you prevent TB

A

BCG vaccine

pre and post exposure isoniazid

46
Q

What causes malaria

A

Plasmodium parasite from female anopheles mosquito

Different parasites cause different severities

47
Q

How does malaria present

A

Fever
Pallor
Non-specific malaise
Very variable

48
Q

How do you treat malaria

A

Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) for 3 days

Severe malaria treat with IM or IV artesunate until can tolerate oral

49
Q

How do you prevent malaria

A

Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs)

Pilot projects for malaria vaccine

50
Q

What causes malnutrition

A

Lack of access
Poor feeding practices
Infection

51
Q

What is kwashiorkor

A

oedema and rounded belly due to lack of protein in the diet

Sign of malnutrition

52
Q

What is marasmus

A

Extreme skinniness seen in malnourished children

53
Q

How do you treat malnutrition

A 
Need to be careful not to overload 
Treat first for hypoglycaemia, hypothermia and dehydration 
Balance electrolytes 
Treat any underlying infection 
Give micronutrients 
Initiate feeding and catch-up feeding 
Sensory stimulation
54
Q

What is the definition of health inequalities

A

Differences in health status or in
the distribution of health determinants between
different population groups
Often those in more deprived groups have poorer health

55
Q

What factors determine health inequalities

A

Unmodifiable: age, sex and genetics

Modifiable - living and working conditions, water and sanitation, access to services, education, food access

56
Q

What are the most common causes of death in young men in the UK

A 
Suicide 
Drugs and alcohol 
Accidents 
Violence 
More common in deprived areas
57
Q

List some fundamental causes of health inequality

A 
Global economic forces 
Political priority 
Social values 
Unequal distribution of wealth and power 
Poverty and discrimination 
NEEDS TO BE UNDONE
58
Q

List some environmental influences on health inequality

A

Economy and work
Learning
Services
Needs to prevent inequality in these areas

59
Q

What are the potential outcomes of adverse childhood experiences

A

Impairment of social, emotional and cognitive skills
Adoption of risky behaviour
Lower life expectancy

60
Q

List examples of adverse childhood experience

A

Abuse - physical, sexual & emotional
Neglect - physical and emotional
Mental illness, substance abuse and violence in the house
Incarcerated relative Divorce

61
Q

What are indicators of risk for inequalities in childhood and poor health

A 
Family breakdown 
Lack of family rituals
Poor domestic and financial management 
Neglect 
Lack of discipline and routine 
Violence and abuse
62
Q

What are the symptoms of deprivation/adverse childhood experience

A 
Anti-social behaviour
Isolated / withdrawn
Behavioural issues
Emotional issues
Child assuming role of carer
63
Q

What is the definition of obesity

A

Abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health - WHO
Result of long term positive energy imbalance

64
Q

What is the adult BMI range for overweight

A

25-30

65
Q

What is the adult BMI range for obese

A

> 30

66
Q

Can you use normal fixed BMI measurements for children

A

NO
Healthy BMI changes with age
Growth spurts mean height change is not always matched with proportionate weight gain

67
Q

How do you plot BMI in children (over 2 y/o)

A

Plot the BMI against age on the centile chart

Need to use the one appropriate for gender

68
Q

What are the clinical thresholds for overweight and obesity in children

A

> or equal to 91st centile is overweight

> or equal to 98th centile is obese (clinically)

69
Q

How do you plot BMI in an under 2 y/o

A

use BMI conversion chart to provide an approximate BMI centile
Usually measure length rather than height in this age group

70
Q

Can waist circumference be used in children to diagnose obesity or health risk

A

NO

71
Q

Children from deprived areas have a higher prevalence of obesity - true or false

A

TRUE

72
Q

List risk factors for obesity by the age of 3

A 
Parental overweight
Black ethnicity
Greater birthweight
Smoking during pregnancy
Lone motherhood
Pre-pregnancy overweight
Maternal employment ≥21 hrs/week
Solid foods before 4 months
73
Q

Is breastfeeding protective against obesity

A

YES

If breastfed for at least 4 months

74
Q

What genetic conditions can cause obesity in childhood

A

Prader-Willi Syndrome

Bardet-Biedl Syndrome

75
Q

Describe the symptoms of Prader-Willi syndrome

A

At birth they are floppy, have weak or absent sucking
Childhood: always hungry and looking for food (hyperphagia), reduced energy requirement - prone to obesity
Low muscle tone, learning difficulty, hypogonadism and short stature

76
Q

Describe the symptoms of Bardet-Biedl Syndrome

A

Hyperphagia - always hungry
Low activity
Make them prone to obesity
Also have visual impairments, renal abnormalities, polydactyly, learning difficulties and hypogonadism

77
Q

What are the negative consequences of being overweight or obese in childhood

A

Poorer health in childhood and adulthood
Low self-esteem
Higher risk of bullying
Poorer school attendance and achievement
Poorer employment prospects

78
Q

How would you assess an obese child

A 
BMI - plot on chart 
Eating habits and activity 
Social and school 
Emotional issues 
Family support 
Family history
79
Q

List common comorbidities of childhood obesity

A 
Metabolic syndrome
Respiratory problems
Hip and knee problems
Diabetes
CHD
Sleep apnoea
Hypertension
80
Q

At what point would you refer an obese child for paediatric review

A

If their is serious comorbidity that requires urgent weight loss - intercranial hypertension, sleep apnoea etc
Suspected underlying medical cause - e.g. endocrine issue
Under 2’s who are severely obese

81
Q

How can you help control portion sizes

A

Smaller plates
Cook only what’s required
Parents serve rather than kids serve themselves
Age appropriate servings

82
Q

How much physical activity should a child get per day

A

Around 60 mins

83
Q

Does increased screen time increase risk of being overweight or obese

A

YES
More than 2 hours per day increases risk
Dose dependant

84
Q

Does increased sleep duration increase risk of obesity

A

NO

Decreases sleep duration is associated with obesity

85
Q

Can you use orlistat in children

A

Should only be given to >12 if physical or severe psychological comorbidities present
In exceptional circumstances such as life threatening comorbidities it may be considered <12

86
Q

Is surgery considered in overweight children

A

Surgery may be considered in post-pubertal adolescents with

very severe to extreme obesity and severe comorbidities

Child Health (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions