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Physiology > Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of nervous system in intrinsic regulation

A

Enteric

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2
Q

What kind of nervous system in extrinsic regulation

A

Autonomic

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3
Q

Name layers of GIT in order

A

Mucosa:
Epithelium , Lamina propria and muscularis mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularis externa

Serosa

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4
Q

G cell releases

Where are they

A

Gastrin

Stomach antrum

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5
Q

S cell releases

Where are they

A

Secretin

Small intestine

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6
Q

K cells release

Where are they

A

GIP

Small intestine

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7
Q

I cells release

Where are they

A

CCK

small intestine

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8
Q

What does gastrin do and why

A

Release HCL and motility higher (stomach ileum l.intestine)

when more peptides

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9
Q

What does secretin do and why

A

Reduces HCL and motility, adds HCO3- and water from pancreas and in bile

Too much acid in tummy

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10
Q

What does GIP do and why

A

More insulin made

When there is more glucose or fat in small intestine

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11
Q

What does CCK do and why

A

Lower HCL and stomach motility
Raise pancreatic enzymes and bile production

Relaxes sphincter of oddi

When there is fat and proteins in small intestine

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12
Q

Which peptide(s) increase HCL

A

gastrin

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13
Q

Which peptide(s) decrease HCL

A

Secretin CCK

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14
Q

Which hormone increases insulin

A

GIP

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15
Q

Hypothalamus where is feeding center

A

Lateral region

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16
Q

Hypothalamus where is satiety center

A

Ventromedial region

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17
Q

Damage in lateral region hypothalamus

A

Lose weight

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18
Q

Damage in ventromedial region

A

Get fat

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19
Q

Neuropeptide y what it do

A

Neurotransmitter in hypothalamus that stimulates hunger

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20
Q

Ghrelin

Where from. What do.

A

Endocrine cells in tummy

Stimulates NPY release

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21
Q

Anorexigenic factors

Where released

A

Leptin, adipose, long term not binge

Insulin, pancreas

Peptide YY, intestines

Melanocortjn, hypothalamus

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22
Q

What is vasopressin?????

What pathway

A

Antidiuretic hormone released from thirst center in hypothalamus

Increase plasma osmolarity

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23
Q

Mechanism of decreased plasma volume thirst center activation

A

Baroreceptors activated, angiotensin 2 made

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24
Q

3 types salivary glands and their secretion type

A

Parotid
Watery serous

Submandibular
Serous/mucous

Sublingual
Mucous

25
Q

What is actively secreted in acinar cells

A

K
Cl
HCO3

26
Q

What diffuses out of acinar cells

A

Water

Na

27
Q

What leaves ducal cells into ducts

A

K HCO3

28
Q

What leaves duct area info ductal cels

A

NA CL

29
Q

Which ductal ions move the most and which direction

A

More NA CL loss than K HCO3 gain

30
Q

Enzymes in mouth

A

Lingual lipase

Amylase

31
Q

What is the role of stratified epithelium

A

Protect esophagus from abrasive or rough food

32
Q

Role of HCL in tummy

A

Hydrolysis of proteins

33
Q

Histamine in tummy what do

A

Stimulates HCL production

34
Q

Somatostatin in tummy what do

A

Inhibits HCL production

35
Q

How pepsinogen activated

A

Acid cleave it

36
Q

Who secretes pepsinogen

A

Chief cells

37
Q

What cell secretes gastrin and where is that cell

A

Antrum in tummy

G cell / enteroendocrine

38
Q

What cells secrete somatostatin

A

D cells

39
Q

What do parietal cells secrete

And where

A

HCL IF

gastric glands in fondus/ body

40
Q

Enteric nervous system is AKA

A

Intrinsic

41
Q

Main secretions of exocrine pancreas

A

Enzymes and HCO3-

42
Q

Function of endocrine pancreas

A

NON DIGESTIVE

hormones to regulate entire body, like insulin

43
Q

Main pancreatic duct joins what

A

Common bile duct before entering duodenum

44
Q

What do duct cells secrete in pancreas

A

h20 and HCO3-

45
Q

What do pancreatic acinar exocrine cells secrete

A

Enzymes

46
Q

Alkaline tide caused by what

A

Parietal cells pumped HCO3- into blood

47
Q

Acid tide caused by what

A

Duct cels in pancreas pumping H+ into blood

48
Q

How is trypsinogen activated

What do

A

Enterokinase In duodenum cleaves it Into trypsin

Protease that activates other proteases

49
Q

Which are endopeptidases

A

Trypsin

Chymotrypsin

Elastase

50
Q

What is exopeptidase

Where cleave

A

Carboxypetidase

C terminus

51
Q

What is chymotrypsinogen , pro-elastase and pro-carboxypeptisase activates by??

A

TRYPSIN

52
Q

What’s in portal triad

A

Hepatic artery
Portal vein
Bile duct

53
Q

What are caniculi

A

Thin tube that collects bile secreted by hepatocytes

54
Q

Pancreatic lipase

Soluble in what

Where does it work

A

Water

Surface of lipid droplets

55
Q

What do micelles hold

A

Free fatty acids and monoglycerides

56
Q

What kind of transport in hepatocyte secretion

What do they secrete

A

Primary active

Bile salts/acids, cholesterol, phospholipids, bile pigments

57
Q

How are gallstones formed

A

Too much cholesterol in bile, precipitates out

58
Q

How are pigment stones formed

A

Too much RBC breakdown, increases pigment concentration, joins Ca++ and precipitates out

Physiology (32 decks)

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