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Physiology > resp-1 anatomy > Flashcards

resp-1 anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are in the upper airways

A

nasal/oral cavities
pharynx
larynx

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2
Q

what kind of muscles in the trachea and bronchi

A

smooth muscles

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3
Q

where is there cartilage in the trachea and bronchi

A

bronchi (plates)

C shaped cartilage

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4
Q

where in the trachea & bronchi is semicartilaginal

A

trachea&primary bronchi
(C shape cartilage) and smooth muscle

bronchi

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5
Q

is there cartilege bronchioles & terminal bronchioles

A

no, only smooth muscle

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6
Q

what is the conducting zone

A

anatomical dead space, no alveoli and no gas exchange

it leads to the gas exchange zone

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7
Q

what is the respiratory zone

A

where gas exchange happens (contains alveoli)

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8
Q

what are the terminal bronchioles

A

smallest airway without alveoli

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9
Q

what are respiratory bronchiles

A

have occasional alveoli

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10
Q

what happens to diameter and length of airway as it branches more

A

decreases

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11
Q

what happens to number and area of airway as it branches more

A

increases (allows for more gas exchange)

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12
Q

what are alveoli

A

thin walled capillary rich zone where gas exchange occured

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13
Q

what do type 1 alveolar cells do

A

line alveolar walls

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14
Q

what do type 2 alveolar cells do

A

produce surfactant

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15
Q

what is surfactant?

A

detergent like substance made of lipoproteins that reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid

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16
Q

do type 1 cells divide

A

no

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17
Q

do type 2 cells divide

A

yes

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18
Q

is type 1 or 2 a progenitor cell

what does that mean

A

type 2

when there is injury to 1, 2 multiplies and can differentiate to type 1

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19
Q

how does O2 and CO2 get through the respiratory membrane

A

diffusion

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20
Q

what is ventilation

A

exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli by bulk flow

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21
Q

what drices the diffusion of CO2 and O2 across the respiratory membrane

A

concentration gradients

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22
Q

what is bulk flow

A

pressure moving gas

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23
Q

what drives respiratory muscles (CNS)

A

CNS sends rhythmic excitatory signals

24
Q

which are the inspiratory pump muscles

A

diaphragm
external intercostals
parasternal

25
Q

what are the expiatory pump muscles

A

internal intercostals

abdominals

26
Q

what are the inspiratory airway muscles

A

tongue protruders, alae nasi, muscles around airwats (pharynx, larynx)

27
Q

what are the expiratory airway muscles

A

constrictor muscles around airways (pharynx, larynx)

28
Q

what are the inspiratory accesory miscles

A

sternocleidomasroid, scalene, pectoralis

29
Q

what does the diaphragm do during inspiration and why

A

contracts and flattens to increase the volume of the thorax

30
Q

what do the external intercostal muscles do during inspiration

A

contract and pull ribs upward, increasing the lateral volume of the thorax (like bucket handle)

31
Q

how do parasternal intercostal muscles work during inspiration

A

contract and pull sternum forwards, increasing anterior posterior dimension of the rib cage (pump handle motion)

32
Q

when are the abdominals activated

A

deep and fast breathing or coughing, defaction…

relaxed at rest

33
Q

what do the internal intercostals do in expiration

A

relax at rest

in exercise, internal intercostal muscles pull rib cage down, reducing thoracic volume

34
Q

what do the scalenes do

A

elevate upper ribs

35
Q

what do the sternocleidomastoid do

A

raise the sternum

36
Q

what do the pectoralis do

A

elevate ribs

37
Q

when are the accessory inspiratory muscles activated

A

only in exercise of forced respiration

38
Q

what happens during restful inspiration

A

external intercostal pull ribs up and out

diapragm contracts

39
Q

what happens during forced inspiration

A

stemocleidomastoid elevates sternum

pectoralis elevates rip

40
Q

what happens during restful expiration

A

diaphragm relaxed

ab relax

41
Q

what happens during forceful expiration

A

posterior internal intercostal muscles pull ribs down and inward
ab wall contracts and pushes ab content and diaphragm up to reduce thoracic volume

42
Q

which muscles contribute to opening airways

A

tongue protruders
alae nasi
pharyngeal and laryngeal dilators (ins)
pharyngeal and laryngeal constrictors (exp)

43
Q

what is obstructive sleep apnea

A

reduction in upper airway patency during sleep

44
Q

what cells line the conducting airways

what do they do

A

goblet and ciliated cells

entrap inhaled particles to be removed

45
Q

who makes the sol layer

A

ciliated cells make the pericilliary fluid/SOL layer

46
Q

what is special about the sol layer

A

optimal for ciliary activity

47
Q

who makes the gel layer

A

goblets

48
Q

where do cilia move upwards and downwards

A

downwards : nasopharync

upwards : trachea

49
Q

what causes sleep apnea

A

high fat around neck

low muscle tone around airways

50
Q

what do macrophages do in the alveoli

A

phagotize foreign particles

51
Q

how is pulmonary firbosis made

A

silica dust and asbestos cannot be digested by macrophages, they die and cause inflammation and infection, increases thickness and membranes and makes it less elastic

52
Q

where are the cartilaginous structures

A

trachea, primary bronchi and bronchi

53
Q

where are there no cartilaginous strcutues

A

terminal bronchi and respiratory zone

54
Q

where does gas exchange occur

A

respiratory zone and alveoli

55
Q

what does smoking increase and decrease

A

decrease cilia activity

increase goblet cells

Physiology (32 decks)

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