Movement

Question 1

What is flexion?

Answer 1

decreases the angle at the joint

sagittal plane

Question 2

What is extension?

Answer 2

increases the angle at the joint

sagittal plane

Question 3

What is protraction?

Answer 3

forward advancement of the limbs

sagittal plane

Question 4

What is retraction?

Answer 4

backwards movement of the limbs

sagittal plane

Question 5

What is abduction?

Answer 5

movement of the limb away from the trunk

frontal plane

Question 6

What is adduction?

Answer 6

movement of the limb towards the trunk

frontal plane

Question 7

What is rotation?

Answer 7

circular movement

horizontal plane

Question 8

What is circumduction?

Answer 8

combination of abduction and rotation

Question 9

What are the functions of the skeleton?

Answer 9

• Movement
• Protection
• Storage
• Shape
• Support

Question 10

What are the regions of the skeleton?

Answer 10

Axial- skull, spine, ribs, sternum
Appendicular- forelimb (thoracic appendicular skeleton), hindlimb, pelvis
Joints

Question 11

What is the function of the skull?

Answer 11

• Houses the brain and the majority of the senses
• The head and neck play an important role in balance during
locomotion.
• Head position alters centre of gravity: important in changing speed and gait.
• Extremes of head and neck position are often encountered in equine sports so it is important to understand the anatomy in order to identify changes/problems these may cause.

Question 12

What bones make up the equine skull?

do not to know these for exam

Answer 12

• Maxilla
• Mandible
• Incisivebone
• Nasalbone
• Lacrimal bone
• Zygomatic bone
• Pallantinebone
• Frontal bone
• Temporal bone
• Parietal bone
• Interparietal bone
• Occipital bone

Question 13

What are the canine skull shapes?

Answer 13

• Canine skull shapes vary between breeds
• Brachycephalic- pug, bulldog, King Charles spaniel
• Mesaticephalic- Labrador, spaniel
• Dolichocephalic- hound, Doberman

Question 14

What are the muscles of the skull?

Answer 14

masseter
temporalis
muscles for the ears
muscles for lips and muzzle

Question 15

What is the equine spine made up of?

Answer 15

• 7 Cervical
• 18 Thoracic
• 6 Lumbar
• 5 Sacral (fused)
• ~15-21Coccygeal or caudal

Question 16

Explain the flexibility of the equine spine.

Answer 16

• Highly flexible cervical and coccygeal spine.

* Minor dorsoventral and lateral movement of thoracolumbar and sacral spine.

Question 17

What is the vertebral formula of the equine spine?

Answer 17

• Vertebral formula, C7, T18, L6, S5, Cg or

Ca15-21

Question 18

What is the canine spinal formula?

Answer 18

•Spinal formula C7, T13, L7, S3, Cg or Ca20-23

Question 19

What are the processes of vertebrae?

Answer 19

• Dorsal spinous process
• Transverse process
• Articular process

Question 20

What is the equine cervical vertebrae made up of?

Answer 20

atlas or C1
C1 to C7
C1 and C2 have a different interaction and no intervertebral disk

Question 21

What are the sections of the equine spine?

Answer 21

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccygeal or Caudal

Question 22

What are the two joint types between vertebrae?

Answer 22

• Joint between vertebral bodies.
• Intervertebral discs.
• Movement in all directions.
• Joints between articular facets.
• Limited by angle which varies throughout spine.

Question 23

What are intervertebral discs?

Answer 23

inner nucleus (pulp), outer annulus fibrosus
spreads compressive forces
• Pulpy nucleus.
• Annulus fibrosus.
• Thickness decreases throughout thoracic and
lumbar regions.
• Spread compressive forces.
• Annulus fibrosus under tension during
compressive force.
• Flexion of spine compresses ventral aspect of disc.

Question 24

What do two successive vertebrae form?

Answer 24

one intervertebral foramen

Question 25

What is transitional vertebrae and fusion?

Answer 25

• Deformation of vertebrae
• Usually occurs at junctions
• Fusion can occur anywhere, has a pain association during the process

Question 26

What are the ligaments of the equine spine?

Answer 26

• Nuchal ligament
• Funicularportion
• Lamella portion
• Nuchal ligament attaches at C2 and has no lamellar portion
• Supraspinousligament
• Supraspinous ligament attaches at T1

Question 27

What are the bones of the equine forelimb?

Answer 27

• Scapula
• Humerus
• Radius and ulna
• Carpus
  
  • 7 bones
• Metacarpal bones
  
  • II – IV
• Phalanges
• Long pastern • Short pastern • Coffin bone
• Sesamoid bones
• Proximal sesamoids
• Navicular bone

Question 28

What are the bones of the canine forelimb?

Answer 28

• Scapular
• Humerus
• Radius
• Ulnar
• Carpal bones
• Metacarpal bones
• Phalanges

Question 29

What are the bones of the equine hindlimb?

Answer 29

• Pelvis
  
  • Ilium
  • Ischium
  • Pubis
• Femur
• Patella
• Tibia and fibula
• Tarsus
  
  • 6 bones
• Metatarsal bones
  
  • II – IV
• Phalanges
  
  • Long pastern
  • Short pastern
  • Coffin bone

Question 30

What are the bones of the canine hindlimb?

Answer 30

• Pelvis
• Femur
• Sacrum
• Tibia and fibula
• Tarsus
• Metatarsal bones
• Phalanges

Question 31

What is the pelvis made up of?

Answer 31

• Some times referred to as the os coxae
• Made up of three regions that fuse at around 1 year old
• Illium
• Ischium
• Pubis

Question 32

What are the bony landmarks?

Answer 32

• Tubercle – small rounded projection.
• Tuberosity – small rough projection.
• Process – larger projection.
• Spine – pointed or narrow process.
• Fossa – shallow depression or recess.
• Foramen – natural hole.
• Condyles - smooth rounded articular process.
• Epicondyle–area above a condyle.
• Crest – prominent ridge.
• Sulcus – deep groove.
• Trochlea – smooth grooved articular process (like a pulley). • Facet – small flat articular surface.
• Ramus – extension of a bone that makes an angle.