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FAP Year 1 > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Central control centre of the body

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2
Q

What is the PNS?

A

collects info from environment and produces the changes required within the body

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3
Q

What is the ANS?

A

communicates with internal organs

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4
Q

What is a neuron?

A

The neuron is the major functional unit of the nervous system.
• They are electrically active cells

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5
Q

What are the 4 parts of the neurone?

A
  1. Cell body: Contains at least 3 organelles
    for cellular function: nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (forms part of the vascular delivery to cells), golgi apparatus (processes proteins for energy).
  2. Dendrites: information receiving area of cell
  3. Axon: information transmitting area of cell body
  4. Presynaptic terminal: transduction of electrical impulses into chemical signals for transmission to adjacent cells
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6
Q

What are the three types of neurones?

A
  • Pseudounipolar cells
  • Bipolar cells
  • Multipolarcells
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7
Q

What are nerves made up of?

A
  • Hundreds of thousands of neurons are accumulated together to form nerves.
  • Neurons are short and will not travel the full length of the nerve. This aids in speed of signalling
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8
Q

What are the supporting cells of the nervous system?

Ependymal

A

• Ependymal cells: line the ventricular surfaces of the canals of the CNS. Involved in cerebrospinal fluid production

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9
Q

What are the supporting cells of the nervous system?

Glial

A

Glial Cells
• supportive cell in the central nervous system.
• Glial cells do not conduct electrical impulses.
• The glial cells surround neurons and provide support for them and insulation between them. Glial cells are capable of extensive signalling in response to a diversity of stimuli. Bidirectional communication exists between glial cells and neurons, and between glial cells and vascular cells.

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10
Q

What are the supporting cells of the nervous system?

Schwann

A

Oligodendroglial cells: some of these cells are known as Schwann cells.
They are involved in myelination of axons and local nutrient support.

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11
Q

What are the supporting cells of the nervous system?

Astrocytes

A

Astrocytes: form a structural and enzymatic barrier between the
nervous system and the rest of the body.

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12
Q

What are the supporting cells of the nervous system?

microglial

A

Microglial cells: major cellular defence system of the nervous system. Phagocytotic cells.

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13
Q

What are nerve impulses?

A
  • Stimuli is received at the dendrites
  • Converted into a nerve impulse (action potential)
  • Conducted along the axon
  • To the presynaptic terminal and converted into a chemical signal
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14
Q

What are the properties of neurone cell membranes that enables maintenance of membrane potential?

A
  1. Semi permeable cell membrane
  2. Selective regulation of movement of charged ions across cell membrane
  3. Presence of an energy dependant (active) sodium/potassium pump in the cell membrane
    • Sodium and potassium ions can be moved across the cell membrane, even against their concentration gradients, although this requires energy.
    • The controlled influx or efflux of sodium, potassium and chloride ions into and out of the neuron results in the generation of the action potential.
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15
Q

What are the events at a synapse?

A
  1. action potential arrives
  2. Ca2+ permeability and influx increased
  3. release of transmitter by exocytosis of vesicles
  4. reaction of postsynaptic receptors
  5. activation of synaptic channels- produces postsynaptic potential
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16
Q

What are the three methods of classification?

A
  • Topographicalclassification
  • Classification based on direction of impulse travel
  • Functional classification
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17
Q

What is topographical classification?

A

split into CNS and PNS

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18
Q

What is classification based on direction of impulse travel?

A

can relate to individual neurone or fascicles

large nerves can have both afferent and efferent qualities

19
Q

What is functional classification?

A

SOMATIC – locomotor function - voluntary control
- Spinal nerves

VISCERAL – regulation of internal function
- Involuntary control - autonomic

20
Q

What are the divisions of the brain?

A

forebrain
brainstem
cerebellum

21
Q

What does the forebrain split into?

A

Telencephalon
• CEREBRAL CORTEX Regulates behaviour, sensation, motor
activity, conscious perception, proprioception
• WHITE MATTER Contains ascending and
descending sensory and
motor neurons
• BASAL NUCLEI Regulation of muscle
tone and initiation of voluntary motor activity

Diencephalon
• THALAMUS, SUBTHALAMUS, METATHALAMUS, HYPOTHALAMUS
• Sensory integration centre, relays info to cerebral cortex
• Control of endocrine and autonomic function
• Root of cranial nerves I (Olfactory) and II (Optic)
• Emotion and behaviour

22
Q

What is the brainstem?

A
  • Regulator centre for consciousness, cardiovascular system and breathing
  • Links cerebral cortex to the spinal cord via ascending and descending motor pathways
  • Root of 10 pairs of Cranial Nerves
23
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

• Controls the range and force of movements
• Does not initiate motor activity
• Coordinates muscle activity
• Smoothes movements initiated by upper motor neurons
• Close association between cerebellum, brainstem and
vestibular nuclei in regulation of balance and muscle tone.
• Inhibitory effect on urination

24
Q

What is the spinal cord made up of?

A
  • Grey matter
  • White matter
  • Ventral root
  • Dorsal root
  • Spinal Ganglia
  • Spinal nerve
  • Pia Mater
  • Arachnoid
  • Dura Mater

ascending and descending signals

25
Q

What is spinal cord segmentation?

A
  • A spinal cord segment is a portion of the spinal cord which gives rise to one pair of spinal nerves
  • Neurological lesion localisation refers to the spinal cord segments
  • Innervation of the body occurs in a segmental fashion. Each cutaneous region of the body (dermatome) and group of muscle fibres (myotome) is innervated by one or more spinal segments
26
Q

What are meninges (CNS)?

A
  • The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by three continuous membranes and two potential spaces:
  • Outermost membrane – Dura mater
  • Epidural space
  • Middle membrane – arachnoid
  • Subarachnoidspace
  • Inner membrane – Pia Mater
27
Q

What are the functions of Cerebrospinal fluid?

A

• Functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF):

  1. Support and cushioning of the brain and spinal cord
  2. Permits variations in blood volume within the cranium
  3. Maintains a constant fluid environment for nervous tissue
  4. Nutrition of the Nervous System
  5. Movement of Neurotransmitters
  6. Regulation of respiration
28
Q

How is the PNS structured?

A
  • Peripheral nerves contain both sensory and motor fibres.
  • Motor axons originate in the ventral horn of the spinal cord, or grey matter of the brain stem.
  • Cell bodies of sensory axons are located in the dorsal root ganglion
  • Peripheral nerves leave the vertebral column via the intervertebral foraminae
29
Q

What are ascending signals in the spinal cord and what can damage here lead to?

A
  • Ascending
  • Noxious (harmful) stimuli
  • Nociception (perception of pain)
  • Nociceptors (pain receptors/ PNS)
  • Detect mechanical, thermal or chemical changes
  • Skin, periosteum, joint surfaces

• Damage to sensory neurons will result in lack of sensation or loss of proprioception or increased sensation and pain

30
Q

What are ascending signals in the spinal cord?

A
  • Descending - Motor tracts & motor neurons
  • Upper motor neurons (CNS)
  • Originate in higher levels of CNS
  • Regulate and influence activity of motor cells that innervate muscles in periphery
  • Lower motor neurons (PNS)
  • Leave CNS
  • Innervate target structures in periphery
31
Q

What does the PNS neuromuscular junction consist of?

A
  • An axon terminal
  • Synaptic cleft
  • End plate region of skeletal muscle fibres
  • The NMJ is a transducer: electrical – chemical – electrical signals
32
Q

What occurs at the PNS neuromuscular junction?

A 
• 1. Action potential in motor nerve
• 2. Influx of calcium ions
• 3. Ca2+ binds with
neurotransmitter vesicles
• 4. Neurotransmitter -
Acetylcholine (Ach) released
into synaptic cleft
• 5. Ach binds with receptors on
myofibril membrane
• 6. Influx of Na+ into myofibril
• 7. Action potential generated
33
Q

Where is the PNS located?

A
  • Peripheral nerves also have topographical classifications.
  • Cranial nerves
  • Spinal nerves
  • Brachial plexus
  • Lumbosacralplexus
34
Q

What are the cranial nerves of the PNS?

A
  • 12 nerves

* Not all contain both sensory and motor fibres.

35
Q

What are olfactory nerves?

A

• Olfactory (I)
• Smell (food, hand)
• Irritation of nasal
mucosa also tests trigeminal

36
Q

What are optic nerves?

A 
• Optic (II)
• Menace or blink
• Lesions of eye and optic nerve
ipsilateral blindness
• Lesions of optic tracts and cortex
contralateral blindness
• Cerebellar disease alters menace
response
• Foals have no menace until several
days old
37
Q

What are oculomotor nerves?

A
  • Oculomotor (III)
  • Size and symmetry
  • Pupillary light reflex => constriction
  • Direct (ipsilateral)
  • Consensual(contralateral)
  • Reflex within brainstem
  • Visual cerebral cortex lesions do not affect reflex
38
Q

What are oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nerves?

A

• Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), Abducens (VI)
• Extra ocular muscles
• Strabismus (wall eye)
• Vestibular nystagmus (involuntry movement of the
eye)
• Corneal reflex
eyeball retraction

39
Q

What are trigeminal nerves?

A
  • Trigeminal (V) • 3 branches
  • Mandibular • Maxillary
  • Ophthalmic
  • Motor to mandibular mastication muscles
  • Sensory from all parts of head
  • Reaction to stimulation of septum and internal nares aswell as skin (see facial nerve)
40
Q

What are facial nerves?

A
  • Facial (VII)
  • Facial expression
    • Ears
    • Eyelids
    • Lips
    • Nostrils
  • Lacrimal glands
  • Salivary glands
  • Clinical signs
    • Droopingear
    • Ptosis
    • Drooping upper lip
    • Dropped nostril
41
Q

What are vestibulocochlear nerves?

A
  • Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
  • Cochlear division
    • Hearing
  • Vestibular division
    • Balance
    • Vestibular system
      • Highercentres
      • Cerebellum
• Head tilt
• Accommodation
Blindfold
• Fast phase/head tilt away
from peripheral lesion
42
Q

What are glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves?

A
  • Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X), Accessory (XI)
  • Sensory and motor innervation of larynx and pharynx
  • Swallowing
    • Food and water at nostril
  • Endoscopy
    • Roaring
    • Stertorous breathing
43
Q

What are hypoglossal nerves?

A
  • Hypoglossal (XII)
  • Motor nerve
  • Tongue
    • Symmetry
    • Atrophy
    • Movement
    • Withdrawal
44
Q

What are the spinal nerves of the PNS?

A
  • Pair of spinal nerves emerge at each vertebral level.
  • Eachconsistsof dorsal and ventral root.

Brachial Plexus

Lumbosacral Plexus

FAP Year 1 (13 decks)

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