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ZEukaryotic Diversity > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Vascular land plants with seeds and fruits. Woody and herbaceous. replaced gymnosperms as dominant land plant.

A

angiosperms

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2
Q

Angiosperms phylum

A

Anthropyta

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3
Q

Five derived traits of Seed plants (5)

A 
Reduced gametophytes, 
heterospory, 
ovules, 
pollen, 
seeds
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4
Q

Act of pollen may be dispersed by wind or animals is called

A

pollination

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5
Q

iCLICK

Which of the following is most closely associated with gametophyte tissue

A

Pollen Tube (haploid)

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6
Q

iCLICK

Which of these nourishes angiosperm embryos

A

Endosperm

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7
Q

iCLICK

A flower has a single carpel, a single ovary, and a single ovule. The fruit will:

A

Have a single seed inside

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8
Q

iCLICK

Which is the function of a flower petal

A

Advertisement

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9
Q

iCLICK

One major evolutionary advantage that many angiosperms have over gymnosperms is that

A

Coevolution with animal pollinators enhances reproductive success with less energy expenditure

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10
Q

iCLICK

The most likely pollinator for a night-blooming dull/white flower with a strong sweet odor would be

A

Bats or moths

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11
Q

iCLICK
Bananas are most often propagated asexually. Therefore, one reason they can be especially vulnerable to fungal infections is

A

Bananas are virtually identical genetically, so a disease that can infect one banana probably can also infect other bananas

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12
Q

iCLICK

One advantage of asexual reproduction over sexual reproduction is that

A

Under favorable conditions, clones can be rapidly propagated

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13
Q

iCLICK
A fossil plant that is ancestral to angiosperms (a proto-angiosperm) might have what characteristic that distinguishes it from gymnosperms?

A

Carpels

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14
Q

iCLICK

Which of the following is derived from gametophyte tissue?

A

Pollen tube (haploid)

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15
Q

iCLICK
In an angiosperm, if a single sperm joins with the two polar nuclei to form the cell that will become endosperm but the 2nd sperm fails to fuse with the egg cell, most likely the resulting fruit will:

A

Fail to develop

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16
Q

iCLICK

New shoots on an actively growing stem come from

A

Axillary buds

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17
Q

iCLICK

A stem cross section with dispersed vascular bundles would most likely be seen in

A

Corn plants

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18
Q

iCLICK

When does meiosis occur in fungi

A

Following the fusion of nuclei

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19
Q

iCLICK
In animals, an diploid individual signals to attract a mate and determines whether the potential mate is compatible. What life stages typically accomplish these functions in fungi?

A

Haploid hyphae

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20
Q

iCLICK
You have company coming to visit so you immediately run to the pantry to throw away the loaf of bread with the black fuzzy stuff on it. What group of fungi did you probably just trash?

A

Zygomycetes

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21
Q

iCLICK
If you analyze the cells of the body of a basidiomycete mushroom, such as those we eat, you would find that most cells contain what nuclei?

A

Two non-identical haploid nuclei

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22
Q

Four rings (whorls) of flowers including male/female sex organs (name them)

A

Outer: Sepals - usually green, enclose flower buds.
Next in: Petals - colored and attract pollinators.
Next in: Stamens - male organs
Next in: Carpels - female organs

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23
Q

Name STAMEN parts and what is contained in it

A

Filaments and Anthers that contain microsporangia.

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24
Q

Name CARPELS parts and what is contained in it

A

Stigma (tip) receives pollen grains.
Style (stalk-like) pollen tube will grow thru this.
Ovary (base) 1 or more ovules with megasporangium.

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25
Q

Dioecious - incomplete flowers

A

Male or Female flowers

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26
Q

Complete flowers (monoecious)

A

Have all 4 of the flower whorls.

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27
Q

Incomplete flowers

A

Lack 1 or more of the 4 whorls.

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28
Q

Parts of an inflorescences

A

Ray outer floret.

Central disk floret.

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29
Q

Fruits are mature _____ that help disperse ____.

A

Ovaries; Seeds

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30
Q

Seeds are mature ______ with _____.

A

Ovules; embryos

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31
Q

Different types of fruit (tomato, apple, nut, grain)

A

Fleshy or Dry

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32
Q

What do pollen grains contain

A

Male gametophytes

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33
Q

The steps of creation of pollen

A

1 n cell will divide to form two haploid (n) sperm cells.

1 n cell will divide to produce the n pollen tube (after pollination).

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34
Q

antipodal and how many

A

unknown function 3

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35
Q

polar nuclei and how many

A

will fuse with 2nd sperm 2

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36
Q

synergid and how many

A

3 will guide pollen tube

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37
Q

3n endosperm

A

Part of double fertilization. Will be food for the embryo.

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38
Q

Seed “leaves” attached to embryo

A

Cotyledons

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39
Q

Parts of a seed

A

Seed coat.
Cotyledons.
Dormant, diploid, 2n sporophyte embryo.
Triploid 3n endosperm cells.

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40
Q

Parts of a 2n sporophyte embryo

A

Epicotyl, Hypocotyl, radicle

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41
Q

Outer ovary wall of a fruit becomes the

A

pericarp

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42
Q

outer, middle and inner layers of fruit wall are fleshy

A

Berries

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43
Q

the outer and middle layer are fleshy, but the inner fruit wall is hard with seed

A

Drupes

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44
Q

Dry and Dehiscent fruits (split open)

A

Follicles and legumes

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45
Q

Dry and Indehiscent fruits (don’t split)

A

Nuts (hard pericarp surrounds a seed)

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46
Q

fruit is derived from several separate carpels but still in ONE flower

A

Aggregate

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47
Q

fruit is derived from 1 carpel or several fused carpels in ONE flower

A

Simple

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48
Q

fruit develops from the many carpels of the MANY flowers in an inflorescence

A

Multiple

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49
Q

bee-pollinated plants tend to have scents and be (color) or (color), but NOT (red)

A

yellow, blue.

red.

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50
Q

Bird-pollinated flowers typically produce copious nectar as a “reward” and tend to be (color) or (color) and odorless

A

Red, yellow.

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51
Q

Flowers that have nectar and are sweetly fragrant

A

Pollinated by butterflies and moths

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52
Q

copious nectar, open at night, emit strong fermenting, fruitlike, or musty odors, and are dull colored

A

Bat pollinated

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53
Q

Flowers that smell like rotting meat

A

Fly pollinated

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54
Q

Characteristics of flowers pollinated by wind

A

often have petals that are reduced or absent and lack nectaries, odors, and colors.
have large anthers that produce LOTS of pollen.
flowers form early in the spring before the leaves.

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55
Q

Prevention of self-pollination ensures cross pollination: (4)

A

Some plants have only male or female.
Stamens will mature before carpels.
Stamens arranged to make self unlikely.
Self-incompatability.

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56
Q

How does animal dispersed fruit and seed work

A

Burrs on fur or digested internally.

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57
Q

Ways in which plants can asexually reproduce

A 
by fragmentation (natural, or humans take “plant cuttings”).
by grafting parts from 1 plant onto another (e.g., navel oranges!).
the “eyes” of a potato are vegetative stem buds.
the roots of some plants can send up shoots that develop into new plants.
58
Q

Advantages of Asexual/Vegetative Reproduction (4)

A

quick production of individuals.
helpful if pollinators are rare.
continuity of genetic makeup (good if plant is well adapted to its environment).
avoids precarious germination stage of delicate seedlings.

59
Q

Disadvantages of Asexual/Vegetative Reproduction (3)

A

no genetic variation to adapt to a changing environment.
cannot “wait out” bad conditions. (vs a seed can remain dormant).
usually fewer individuals are produced.

60
Q

Not cotyledons

A

Amborella, water lilies and star anises and magnoliids

61
Q

Eudicot have what kind of leaves

A

Stiffer with net-like like veins, with ring like vascular

62
Q

What kind of roots do eudicots have

A

Taproot for stability vs fibrous ground spreading roots

63
Q

Eudicots pollen has how many weak areas for the pollen tube to emerge out of

A

3

64
Q

In what multiples are the petals of eudicots born in

A

4 or 5

65
Q

Examples of monocots

A

orchids, palms, lilies, grasses (grains), corn

66
Q

Examples of eudicots

A

small herbaceous (green) flowering plants, woody shrubs and trees

67
Q

“sunflower” family; most species angiosperm family; eudicots.

A

Asteraceae

68
Q

Ways in which asteraceae flowers can be arranged

A

All ray flowers, all disk flowers, combination of both

69
Q

Rings of sepal-like or petal-like structures below a flower’s sepals or below an inflorescence

A

Bracts

70
Q

the second-most speciose angiosperm group; monocots

A

Orchidaceae

71
Q

Plant domestication began with what, where, and how many years ago

A

Wheat and Barley.
Fertile crescent.
15,000 years ago.

72
Q

It is important to maintain wild relatives of crop plants as a source of genetic diversity

A

Resistance to major corn virus.

73
Q

Corn domesticated where

A

Americas

74
Q

Citrus domesticated where

A

tropical Asia

75
Q

Pumpkins and squash domesticated where

A

Americas

76
Q

Tubers domesticated where

A

Andes mountains

77
Q

Rice domesticated where

A

China

78
Q

Factors for seed dormancy

A

Seed coat.
Chemical growth regulators suspend seed metabolism.
Breaking dormancy requires environmental cues.
Often has to be softened or abraded.

79
Q

In seed germination what emerges first

A

Radicle root

80
Q

Stalk that joins a leaf to a stem

A

Petiole

81
Q

Extension of root epidermal cells

A

Root hairs

82
Q

rooted trees to broaden the base for greater support in water or shallow soils

A

Aerial prop roots

83
Q

to broaden the base for greater support in water or shallow soils

A

Aerial buttress roots

84
Q

roots that store food over winter

A

Storage roots

85
Q

project above water surface and can absorb air

A

Aerial pneumatophore roots

86
Q

absorb air and develop from seeds landing above ground in a “host” tree

A

Aerial strangling roots

87
Q

Points where leaves or side branches attach

A

Nodes

88
Q

Stem segments between nodes

A

Internodes

89
Q

Terminal node at a shoot tip

A

Apical bud

90
Q

Immediately above a leave in a node

A

Axillary bud

91
Q

Axillary buds won’t grow unless apical bud is lost

A

Apical dominance

92
Q

underground horizontal stems

A

Rhizomes

93
Q

underground vertical stems with large storage leaves

A

Bulbs

94
Q

underground thickened stems for food storage

A

tubers

95
Q

above ground horizontal stems

A

stolons

96
Q

Undivided blade leaf

A

Simple leaf

97
Q

Blade divided into leaflets

A

Compound leaf

98
Q

Leaflets that are divided

A

Double compounded leaf

99
Q

Allows leaf to climb

A

Tendrils

100
Q

Protect leaves, where ps is transferred to the stem

A

Spines

101
Q

Base of an inflorescence attract pollinators

A

Bract

102
Q

Holds water in succulents (type of modified leaf)

A

Storage leaf

103
Q

Plants adapted to arid climates

A

Xerophytes

104
Q

Ways in which xerophytes adapt to arid climates (6)

A

Thick cuticle, recessed stomata in “crypts” (= less exposed to wind).
losing leaves when dry and use stem for Ps.
reduce leaves to spines and use stem for Ps.
succulent leaves and/or stems that store water.
trichomes (hairs) reflects light and reduces heat.
widespread shallow root system (rapid water uptake).

105
Q

Grow on host plant and make their own sugars and absorb H2O from rain

A

Epiphytes

106
Q

Absorb H2O and minerals from host plant

A

Parasites

107
Q

Fungi cell walls are made out of

A

Chitin

108
Q

General term for a fungal infection

A

Mycosis

109
Q

Examples of mycosis

A

yeast infections, athlete’s foot, Pneumocystis pneumonia, fungal meningitis, thrush

110
Q

Eliminated 4 billion of these which were once dominant

A

Chestnut Blight

111
Q

a drug derived from a soil fungus that suppresses the immune response in organ transplants

A

cyclosporin

112
Q

Yeast used in bread, beer, and wine making

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast

113
Q

Penicillum mold used in

A

penicillin, cheeses, bread moldy

114
Q

plant provides food for fungus, fungus increases plant’s uptake of H2O and nutrients and deters plant pathogens

A

Mycorrhizae symbionts

115
Q

symbiosis between a heterotrophic fungus and a photosynthetic alga or cyanobacterium

A

Lichen

116
Q

Pioneer organisms that contribute to soil formation

A

Lichen

117
Q

decimating world amphibian populations

A

chytridiomycosis

118
Q

Network of branched fungal filaments underground

A

Mycelium

119
Q

Branched underground filaments in fungus

A

Hyphae

120
Q

Hyphal structures above ground are used for

A

reproductive purposes

121
Q

Produce fairy rings

A

Basidomycetes

122
Q

Truffles are a form of what fungi

A

Ascomycetes

123
Q

Fungi that smell like rotting meat to attract flies for

spore dispersal.

A

Stinkhorn fungi

124
Q

Fungi that explodes spores into the air

A

Puffball fungi

125
Q

Fungi that have aquatic spores that infect amphibians

A

Chytrid fungi

126
Q

Fusion from cytoplasm of two parental mycelia

A

Plasmogamy

127
Q

Fungi Life Cycle

A

Cytoplasm from two haploid mycelia fuses and form Heterokaryon. Fusion of parental nuclei forms karyogamy. Undergo meiosis to from haploid spores. Lands and germinates to from new mycelium. Sometimes can reproduce asexually and is genetically identical.

128
Q

Fused mycelium from two parents with unfazed nuclei

A

Heterokaryon

129
Q

Two parental fungi nuclei fuse in reproduction

A

Karyogamy

130
Q

Unicellular yeast fungi produce asexually by mitotic _______

A

budding (used in bread, wine, beer)

131
Q

Fungi are more closely related to protistan nucleariids where animals are related to protistan choanoflagellates which means

A

Multicellularity arose independently in both animals and fungi.

132
Q

How many species of chytrids are there

A

1000

133
Q

How many species of zygomecytes are there

A

1000

134
Q

How many species of glomerocytes are there

A

160

135
Q

(amphibian chytridiomycosis)

have unique flagellated spores for water dispersal

A

Chytrids

136
Q

(fast-growing molds like bread black mold; some are parasites & commensals)

A

Zygomecytes

137
Q

include many soil mycorrhizae spp

A

Gloromecytes

138
Q

How many species of ascomecytes are there

A

65,000

139
Q

Unicellular yeasts such as S. cerevisiae.
truffles & morels.
Penicillium molds.

A

Ascomecytes

140
Q

some micorrhizae.
common mushrooms.
puffballs.
shelf fungi.

A

Basidiomycetes

141
Q

How many species of basidiomycetes are there

A

30,000

ZEukaryotic Diversity (16 decks)

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