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ZEukaryotic Diversity > Set 10 > Flashcards

Set 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What Phylum are sponges in. How many species?

A

Porifera (pore bearers)

Abt 10,000

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2
Q

Common ancestor of all animals

A

Colonial choanoflagellate-like ancestor

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3
Q

Main divergence difference between sponges and other animals

A

Sponges have cellular level organization (no tissues/organs) and are asymmetrical.
Others possess tissues and have radial or bilateral symmetry.

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4
Q

Sponges are animals because they have (4)

A

Multicellular heterotrophy.
Collagen.
Diplontic lifestyle.
Hox-like homeobox genes.

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5
Q

When squeezed, sponges do what? Why?

A

They reaggregate and form a new sponge. Other animals can’t because they have complex tissues.

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6
Q

Sponge locomotion is called what?

A

Sessile - attached to a substrate.

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7
Q

Describe Sensory/nerves of a sponge

A

No specialized structures

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8
Q

Describe Circulation/transport in sponges

A

No specialized structures (simple cell-to-cell transfer)

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9
Q

Describe Osmoregulation/excretory in sponges

A

No specialized structures. Simple diffusion between environment (water) and cells

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10
Q

Describe respiration in sponges

A

Simple diffusion with environment (gases in water)

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11
Q

Describe feeding in sponges

A

Suspension/filter feeders; intracellular digestion. No gut

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12
Q

Describe reproduction in sponges

A

Mostly monoecious (hermaphrodites). Both sexual and asexual modes.

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13
Q

Cells inside the cell that produce currents to draw water and food

A

Flagellated CHOANOCYTE CELLS

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14
Q

Where are choanocyte cells found in the sponge

A

In the epidermal cells

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15
Q

Central cavity of a sponge is called

A

Spongocoel

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16
Q

Opening on sponge where filtered water exits through

A

Osculum

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17
Q

What is the mesohyl

A

Gelatinous, proteinaceous acellular matrix beneath outer epidermis. Amoebocytes and skeletal supporting elements such as stiff spicules and flexible fibers of collagen or spongin are embedded.

18
Q

What are Amoebocytes

A

Totipotent cells (can change into other types of cells that make spicules and spongin; move through the meshy)

19
Q

Three types of spicule morphology

A

Silica, calcium carbonate, spongin or collagen fibers

20
Q

Examples of silica spicule sponges

A

Glass sponges

21
Q

Examples of calcium carbonate spicule sponges

A

Calcareous sponges

22
Q

Examples of spongin or collagen fibers

A

Bath sponges

23
Q

Explain how sponges feed

A

Choanocytes line the spongocoel and use a collar of microvilli to trap and phagocytize food particles flowing inward. Then pass food vacuoles to wandering amoebocytes in sponge wall.

24
Q

How does asexual reproduction occur in sponges

A

by external budding and fragmentation. buds may detach.

25
Q

How does sexual reproduction occur in sponges

A

There are both monoecious and dioecious species. External fertilization

26
Q

External fertilization in sponges

A

Some flagellated choanocytes in a sponge become sperm and are released through osculum into the water (broadcast spawning)

27
Q

After sperm in a sponge is released, what happens?

A

Sperm phagocytize by choanocytes, which become amoeboid and travel through mesohyl to fertilize eggs

28
Q

Where are sponge eggs derived from?

A

Totipotent amoebocytes

29
Q

After eggs in sponges are fertilized, what happens?

A

A zygote develops into a simple parenchyma larva, which exits the sponge, swims a few hours, then settles and develops into a new sponge.

30
Q

Parenchymula larva is what?

A

A ball of cells with flagella on the outside

31
Q

Three types of sponge architecture

A

Asconoid (simplest), syconoid, leuconoid (complex)

32
Q

Asconoid is constrained to size based on

A

SA/VOL

33
Q

Explain SA/VOL constraints of syconoid bodies

A

Derived from smaller asconoid by infolding surface and creating radial canals

34
Q

Opening from radial canal into spongocoel

A

Apopyle

35
Q

Pore through which water enters into radial canal

A

Prosopyle

36
Q

Incurrent canal

A

canals through which water reaches prosopyle

37
Q

Explain SA/VOL constraints of leuconoid body form

A

Further increase SA by subdividing flagellated canals into flagellated chambers

38
Q

Excurrent canal

A

canals where water exits to the osculum in leuconoid sponges

39
Q

Flagellated chamber

A

Small chamber lined with flagellated choanocytes in leuconoids

40
Q

Ecological roles of sponges (4)

A 
Dominant structural elements in marinescapes. 
Important for bacteria filtration . 
Influence water chemistry. 
Provide refuge (snapping shrimp, spiny lobsters)

ZEukaryotic Diversity (16 decks)

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