Chapter 1

Question 1

Describe the method of tenacity

Answer 1

Way of knowing.

Holding on to ideas or beliefs because they have been accepted as facts for a long time or because of SUPERSTITION.

• e.g., common sense, folk wisdom, etc.
• e.g., “you cannot teach a dog new tricks” is accepted as true

Question 2

Describe the method of intuition

Answer 2

Way of knowing.

Information is accepted as true because it “feels right.”
Relies on a person’s hunches and instinct to answer questions.

e.g., “what should we do for dinner?” “I feel like…”

Question 3

Describe the method of authority

Answer 3

Way of knowing.

a person finds answers by seeking out an authority on the subject.

e.g., Google, books, profs, physicians, etc.

Question 4

Problem with method of authority

Answer 4

• could be biased (e.g., two different experts in a field have a different explanation for the bad behaviour of a child)
• Could be subjective opinion of the authority in question (e.g., one movie review expert says it’s good and another says it’s bad)
• People often don’t seek second opinion and choose to believe what the authority has said

Question 5

Describe the rational method

Answer 5

Way of knowing.

• Also known as rationalism
• Seek answers by logical reasoning
• start with a set of known facts or assumptions and use logic to reach a conclusion or answer

Question 6

What is a premise statement?

Answer 6

• 1st two sentences in an ARGUMENT (rational method)

- fact or assumption that is known or assumed to be true

Question 7

What is an argument?

Answer 7

a set of premise statements that are logically combined to yield a conclusion.

premise statement + premise statement + … = argument

Question 8

what is an issue with the rational method?

Answer 8

A person must come in with no pre-existing worldviews.

Question 9

Describe the Empirical Method

Answer 9

Way of knowing.

• Also known as empiricism
• attempts to answer questions by direct observation or personal experience.

Question 10

Issue with using the empirical method:

Answer 10

• we can’t always trust/believe what we see
• subject to mis-perception or misinterpretation
• could be dangerous (e.g., try the mushrooms to see if they’re poisonous rather than using authority method to find out) or time-consuming

Question 11

List the steps of the scientific method

Answer 11

1. make an observation
2. Think of a question
3. Form a hypothesis
4. Make a prediction
5. Gather data (6. evaluate hypothesis, make new prediction)
6. Develop a general theory
   REPEAT

Question 12

What is induction?

Answer 12

• process of generalization
• inductive reasoning = reaching a general conclusion based on a few specific examples.
  e. g., tasting three green apples and they are all sour and thus concluding that all green apples are sour.

Question 13

What are variables?

Answer 13

-characteristics or conditions that change or have different values for different individuals

Question 14

What is deduction?

Answer 14

use a general statement as the basis for reaching a conclusion about specific examples

Question 15

induction vs deduction?

Answer 15

induction: uses specific examples to generate general conclusions
deductions: uses general conclusions to generate SPECIFIC PREDICTIONS

Question 16

steps in the research process

Answer 16

1. find a research idea
2. form a hypothesis
3. measurement
4. participant selection
5. research strategies
6. research designs
7. lab
8. statistics
9. report the results
10. refine or reformulate your research idea
    BACK TO STEP 2

Question 17

4 Qualities of the Scientific Method

Answer 17

1. empirical: based on observation
2. public: accessible, published, etc.
3. iterative: cycle that never stops. Keep asking questions.
4. objective: describe what you see. Expectations can change findings.

Question 18

Define pseudoscience

Answer 18

Use of scientific claims without any scientific data. Features:

• non-falsifiable hypothesis
• scientific-sounding terminology
• supportive evidence is ANECDOTAL or relies on “expert” testimony
• claims are vague, appeal to preconceived ideas
• conflicting or new data is ignored
• if tests are reported,

Question 19

Data produced by quantitative research is most often ____, while data produced by qualitative research is often ____

Answer 19

Data produced by quantitative research is most often NUMERICAL SCORES, while data produced by qualitative research is often NARRATIVE REPORT

Question 20

Quantitative vs qualitative reasearch

Answer 20

Quantitative research: Based on measuring variables for individual participants to obtain scores, usually numerical values, that are submitted to statistical analysis for summary and interpretation.
Qualitative research: based on making observations that are summarized and interpreted in a narrative report.

Question 21

Pros and cons of quantitative research

Answer 21

Pros: 
-objective
-specific hypotheses are tested
-able to generalize
Con:
-missed detail and depth

Question 22

Pros and cons of qualitative research

Answer 22

Pros:
-good for exploratory research
-deeper understanding with more info
Cons:
-time consuming
-subjective

Question 23

The individuals who take part in research studies are called ____ if they are human, and ___ if they are nonhuman

Answer 23

The individuals who take part in research studies are called PARTICIPANTS if they are human, and SUBJECTS if they are nonhuman