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Vascular Plants Morphology > Unit 1 Intenal Organization of the Plant Body > Flashcards

Unit 1 Intenal Organization of the Plant Body Flashcards

1
Q

Meristems

A

Embryonic tissues
-Regions or populations of cells that can divide
-A continuing source of new cells
Ex: Stem cells

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2
Q

What are the two parts of the meristem?

A

Apical meristem

Primary meristem

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3
Q

Apical Meristem

A

Give rise to roots, stems, leaves and flowers of the adult plant

  • Found in shoot and root tip
  • Are composed of initials (cells that perputate the meristem–they maintain the meristem as a continuing source of new cells)
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4
Q

Primary Meristem

A

Partly differentiated tissues that remain meristematic for some time

  • Include the protoderm, procambium and ground tissues
  • The unlimited/prolonged activity of the apical meristem means that plants have indeterminate growth
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5
Q

What are the four characteristic parts of the meristem?

A

1) Development
2) Growth
3) Morphogenesis
4) Differentiation

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6
Q

Development

A

Instructions in the DNA cause the process (the events that form an organisms’ body)
-The specific pathway is determined by the environment in plants

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7
Q

Growth

A

Is an irreversible increase in plant size

-Caused by cell division and cell enlargement (most by this type of growth)

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8
Q

Morphogenesis

A

Is the process by which a plant assumes a particular shape or form
-Accounts for morphology of different species

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9
Q

Differentiation

A

Is how cells with identical genetic makeup become different from one another
-Controlled by gene expression and position in the developing organ
Ex: from a meristemic cell can become a vessel, sieve tube, fiber, or parenchyma

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10
Q

What produces the tissues?

A

Apical meristems produce primary meristems that produces tissues

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11
Q

What makes up the primary meristem?

A

1) Protoderm
2) Ground
3) Procambium

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12
Q

What tissue system makes up the protoderm?

A

Epidermis (dermal tissue system)

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13
Q

What tissue system makes up the ground?

A

Ground tissue system

-produces fibers (rigid cell wall make enzymes) and collenchyma cells (function in support)

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14
Q

What tissue system makes up the procambium?

A

Vascular tissue system

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15
Q

What makes up a simple tissue?

A

Made of one type of cell

-ground tissue

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16
Q

What makes up a complex tissue?

A

Made of two or more types of cells

-dermal and vascular tissue

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17
Q

What is primary growth of the plant?

A
  • Is growth in length (height)

- Produced by apical meristems in root tip and shoot tip

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18
Q

What is secondary growth of the plant?

A
  • Growth in diameter

- Produced by lateral meristems

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19
Q

Cork cambium

A

Produces the periderm or outer layer (part of the “bark”)

-secondary growth

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20
Q

Vascular cambium

A

Produces secondary xylem (“wood”) and secondary phloem (“bark”)
-secondary growth

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21
Q

Dermal Tissue

A

Outermost cell layer of the primary plant body

  • This is the leaves, floral parts, fruits and seeds
  • Outermost layer of roots and stems (part of this system) until they have secondary growth
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22
Q

What makes up the dermal tissue?

A
  • Epidermis (or periderm in woody plants)
  • Cuticle
  • Lacks chloroplasts
23
Q

What is the function of the epidermis?

A
  • Functions in protection (mechanical)
  • Aerates the internal issues through the stomata
  • Is covered by a cuticle (a layer of wax-cutin and lips that covers the above ground portion of all land plants), extra protection and reduces water loss
24
Q

What are the specialized dermal cells?

A

1) Guard Cells
2) Trichomes
3) Root hairs (increase surface layer)
4) Leaf hairs (single cell-layer thick)

(2-4, functions in protection)

25
Q

What are guard cells?

A

-Contains chloroplasts
-2 of them form the stomata
-found at the bottom of the lower layer epidermis
-openings on the surface of leaves through which water evaporates and CO2 is absorbed
(when filled which H2O they open and release–> then they collapse, mechanical barrier/door)

26
Q

What makes up ground tissue?

A

Called the pith (inside the vascular tissue) and cortex (outside the vascular tissue) in stems and roots

27
Q

What cells make up the ground tissue system?

A

1) Chlorenchyma
2) Parenchyma
3) Collenchyma
4) Sclerenchyma

28
Q

Chlorenchyma

A

Parenchyma cells that contain chloroplasts

29
Q

What is the passageway of the 3 ground tissue cell types in a cell?

A

Collenchyma–>Sclerenchyma–>Parenchyma

30
Q

Parenchyma

A

Cells occur in continuous masses in the mesophyll of leaves, the cortex and pith of stems and in the flesh of fruits
-cells are living at maturity

31
Q

What is the function of the parenchyma?

A

Involved in photosynthesis, storage and secretion
-metabolic process (respiration)
conduction, wound healing and regeneration

32
Q

Collenchyma

A

Cells are living at maturity; tissue supports young, growing organs

  • Occurs in discrete strands or as cylinders beneath the epidermis in stems and petioles
  • Cells are elongated
33
Q

What is the function of the collenchyma?

A

Supporting tissue of growing stems, leaves, and floral parts

34
Q

Sclerenchyma

A

Strengthen and support plant parts that are no longer growing

  • cells have thick lignified secondary walls
  • includes fibers and sclereids
35
Q

What is the function of fibers (sclerenchyma)?

A

Support (mature parts), storage

36
Q

What is the function of sclereid (sclerenchyma)?

A

Mechanical, protective

37
Q

Sclereids (sclerenchyma)

A

Short cells, often branched

  • makes up the seed coats, shells of nuts and stone cells of stone fruits (pear)
  • Cells can be living or dead at maturity
38
Q

What makes up the vascular tissue?

A

Xylem and Pholem

39
Q

What cells make up the xylem?

A

Tracheid and Vessel Element

40
Q

What cells make up the phloem?

A

Sieve cel, Albuminous cell, Sieve-tube element, Companion Cell

41
Q

What is the xylem?

A

Includes vessels and tracheids (conducts water and minerals)

  • parenchyma (storage)
  • fiber cells (support)
42
Q

What are water-conducting cells?

A

These are tracheids and vessel elements

  • Vessel elements (perforations on the end walls or the end walls dissolve completely)
  • Elongated cells with secondary walls that lack protoplasts at maturity
  • May have pits in their walls
  • Found in gnetophytes and angiosperms
43
Q

2 types of xylem development

A

1) Protoxylem

2) metaxylem

44
Q

Protoxylem

A

First part of the xylem system

  • Cells are smaller in diameter
  • Secondary walls (have rings or spiral thickenings); makes it possible to stretch or extend the cell as it elongates (narrow in diameter)
45
Q

Metaxylem

A

Differentiates after the protoxylem; after the plant part

-cells are rigid and cannot be stretched (wider in diameter)

46
Q

Tracheid

A
  • Xylem
  • elongated and tapering
  • contains pits but no perforations
  • dead when functional
  • water-conducting cell in mostly gymnosperms, a few seedless vascular plants and some in angiosperms
47
Q

Vessel Element

A
  • Xylem
  • elongated (shorter than a tracheid)
  • contains pits and perforations
  • dead when functional
  • water-conducting cell in angiosperms
48
Q

What is the phloem?

A

Includes sieve-tube elements with companion cells (long-distance transport), sclerenchyma (support), and parenchyma (storage)
-Is principal food conducting tissue in the plant (transports sugars, amino acids, lipids, hormones, micronutrients, proteins and RNA)

49
Q

Sieve Plates

A

Slime plug may result during sectioning of sieve-tube element

50
Q

Sieve Cell

A
  • Pholem
  • elongated and tapering
  • living at maturity
  • food-conducting element in gymnosperms
51
Q

Albuminous Cell

A
  • Pholem
  • elongated and living at maturity
  • Plays a role in the delivery of substances to the sieve cell (informational molecules and ATP)
52
Q

Sieve-tube Element

A
  • Pholem
  • elongated and living at maturity
  • Food-conducting element in angiosperms
53
Q

Companion Cell

A
  • Pholem
  • generally elongated and living at maturity
  • Plays a role in the delivery of substances to the sieve-tube element (informational molecules and ATP)

Vascular Plants Morphology (11 decks)

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