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test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is health psychology

A

branch of psychology that concerns individual behaviors and lifestyles affecting a persons physical health (formal definition)

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2
Q

what do health psychologists do

A

engage in academic research, professional practice and education and training across an array of health care settings

-health promotion, disease prevention, research in etiology and consequences, healthcare policy and suggestions

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3
Q

what are the factors that influence health

A

biological, psychological, behaviors, family, culture, environment, spirituality, and health system and policies

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4
Q

what is health

A

WHO: the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease

definition has changed overtime: went from gods and spirits to absence of disease

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5
Q

what does the definition of health imply

A

that a person with a chronic illness could be healthier than a person without one

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6
Q

what are the main models of health

A

biopsychosocial, wellness model, and social ecological model

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7
Q

what is the biopsychosocial model

A

recognizes illness is a result of microorganisms (bacteria-> disease) and the influence of other health detriments

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8
Q

what are the criticisms of the biopsychosocial model

A
  • doesnt incorporate everything (environment and spirituality)
  • too much emphasis on bio, too little emphasis on psychosocial
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9
Q

explain the wellness model

A

-includes spirituality: not necessarily referring to any type of god or religion, but spirituality in this sense takes a broader meaning (life has a broader purpose)

  • spirituality is important to include in health model because
    1) beliefs influence how you handle stress and negative events
    2) beliefs influence how you live your life (health enchanting behaviors)
    3) beliefs influence quality of life and satisfaction
  • *all of these have a direct impact on psychological health**
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10
Q

explain the social ecological model

A

considers environment and health system and policy

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11
Q

what is the interdisciplinary view of health

A

parts of holistic health pie -> biological, psychological, sociological, environmental and health system/policy

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12
Q

what is important for health psychology from biological demographics? (factors that influence health and well being)

A
  • age, race and sex
  • biological genetics: if first degree relatives suffer from certain conditions (biological: heritable diseases)
  • things you cant help, get it from parents
  • multifactorial inheritance
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13
Q

what is multifactorial inheritance

A

caused by a combination of environmental factors and mutations in multiple genes

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14
Q

what are family behaviors that influence health

A

-things you learn from your family (ex. mimicking your family’s drinking or smoking behaviors)

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15
Q

what are environmental factors that influence health

A
  • violence in community
  • environmental health (trash, air quality, etc)
  • rules and regulations

ex. Flint water crisis

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16
Q

what are sociological class factors that influence health

A
  • health/being healthy costs money
  • healthcare is expensive and there is limited access
  • related to education which can help you be healthy
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17
Q

what are sociological beliefs that can influence health

A

-what is important for maintaining good health?

washing hands, vitamins, eat veggies, going to dentist (not everyone has that luxury)

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18
Q

what are sociological supports that can influence health

A
  • having more social support can influence someones mental and physical health
  • less symptoms, having support is more important and impactful than stressful life events
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19
Q

what are psychological things that can influence health

A
  • perspective (half full v. half empty)
  • coping tools
  • risk-engaging in risky behavior
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20
Q

what are health systems and how can they influence health

A

ex. Affordable Care Act- directly affects one’s care and well being
- ability to get ambulance
- short and long term care

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21
Q

what is health policy and how can it influence health

A
  • food safety inspections at restaurants

- wash hands at restaurants

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22
Q

what things that influence health are nature related and which things are nurture

A

nature: biological
nurture: sociological, environmental, health systems and policy

psychology is both

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23
Q

how has the leading cause of death changed

A

went from infectious disease to chronic disease from 1990-2000

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24
Q

how has life expectancy changed

A

-went from 47-74 from 1900-2000
-increased because of:
the decrease in infant mortality as an indirect result of several other factors (vaccinations, access to early care, what mothers should eat and do when expecting, and knowledge)

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25
Q

how does the US infant mortality rate compare to others

A

it is worse than other similar/comparable countries

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26
Q

what is the difference between mortality, morbidity and comorbidity

A

mortality: death
morbidity: state of being diseased
comorbidity: simultaneous afflictions
- very common
- could be because people have the same underlying risk factors (medical and mental)

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27
Q

what is incidence

A
  • number of new cases of a disease in a specific population for a given time period
  • if concerned with how quickly disease is spreading
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28
Q

what is prevalence

A
  • total number of cases (old and new) of a specific disease in a population
  • intended to represent those currently living with disease
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29
Q

what kind of data do you need to make comparisons

A
  • raw data isn’t useful if we want to make comparisons
  • we need to convert data to rates and percentages
  • incidence and prevalence and mortality rates
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30
Q

what can we do with incidence prevalence and mortality rates

A

we can calculate the absolute and relative risk rates for developing certain conditions

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31
Q

what is the difference between absolute and relative risk

A

absolute risk: chance of developing an ailment

relative risk: risk of acquiring a disease by persons who are members of an exposed group

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32
Q

how are absolute risk and relative risk related

A

absolute risk is influenced by relative risk

  • relative risk > 1: people with risk factor have higher risk of getting ailment
  • relative risk < 1: people with risk factor have lower risk than people without risk factor
  • relative risk = 1: people with risk factor have equal risk than people without risk factor
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33
Q

what is important to know about relative risk

A

even if you have a relative risk greater than one, if the underlying absolute risk is small, your chance of getting the disease is still very small

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34
Q

why are relative risk factors important to know

A
  • insight into factors related to illness
  • possible to lower your risk, take precautionary measures
  • compound risk factors increase relative risk
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35
Q

what are the two types of research

A

1) experimental: experiments, interventions, quasi designs

2) non experimental: correlational, case study, focus groups

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36
Q

explain qualitative v quantitative

A

qualitative: a lot of data from a small number of people
quantitative: a lot of data from a lot of different people

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37
Q

what is a case study

A

an in-depth exploration of one person, which allows fora great wealth of knowledge about that person
-useful with a very rare condition

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38
Q

what is a focus group

A

group of individuals that share a common trait or characteristic

  • gather info from the individuals
  • generate insight to that group of individuals
  • explore decision making and encourage interactions
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39
Q

what is correlational

A

uses statistical methodology (will always generate an “r” to represent correlation)

  • r reports the association between variables on a scale from -1 to 0 (no relationship) to 1
  • number represents strength of relationship
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40
Q

what does a -1 r mean

A
  • negative correlation, not bad or weak

- one goes up as the other goes down

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41
Q

what is “p”

A

measure of statistical significance and how likely it is that the results are due to chance

  • r and p always go together
  • with r a big value is good
  • with p a big value is bad, should be < 0.05
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42
Q

what is important to remember about r and p

A

correlation does not equal causation

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43
Q

what are experiments

A

experiments must have at least one variable that is manipulated by the experimenters and at least one variable that is measured (IV and DV)

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44
Q

what is the difference between independent and dependent variables

A
  • dependent variable is the measured variable that the values will be a result of the participants behaviors, choices, etc
  • independent variable is the manipulated variable that researchers are actively controlling how the participants experience that variable

if there is an effect between the two, the outcome of the DV depends on the IV

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45
Q

what is a control group

A

neutral condition, absent of manipulation

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46
Q

what is random sampling

A

who is chosen to be in your study, who is part of your sample

  • there is a population of interest
  • study sample is smaller than the population but it should be representative of the population (probability sampling)
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47
Q

what is random assignment

A

once you’ve chosen your sample, how do you decide who is in which group
-control for confounding factors

-if the sample is large enough, this should result in an adequate distribution of participants such that no group is homogenous

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48
Q

what is a longitudinal design

A

observing changes over an extended period of time

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49
Q

what is a cross-sectional experiment

A
  • collecting data from a sample of participants at one time

- if its a “typical” experiment

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50
Q

explain the pros and cons of longitudinal and cross-sectional studies

A

longitudinal: need more time, need more money, need less people, participant attrition is a problem because people can drop out

cross-sectional: need less time, need less money, need more people because a lot of participant variability

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51
Q

what are interventions

A

looking for the extent to which some type of treatment or program improves one’s mental or physical health

  • always do a pre-test or baseline measure
  • then introduce intervention with different groups
  • post-test
  • *control groups are important for intervention to try and prove the change is not attributable to some other factor**
  • have to use randomized clinical trials
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52
Q

what is expected in the placebo group

A

you should expect change but the intervention group should experience a lot more change

53
Q

what are quasi designs

A

very much like true experience with IVs and DVs, but experimenters do not have full experimental control

54
Q

explain the timeline of ethics in research

A

1947: humane treatment of research subjects
1979: the Belmont report established respect for persons, beneficence, and justice

55
Q

what are respect for persons, beneficence and justice

A

1) respect for persons
- treat individuals are autonomous agents (choice and freedom) and protect those who can’t protect themselves
- consent forms
2) beneficence: minimize any potential mental or physical risk to participants, benefits greater than risk
3) justice: should have a fairness in distribution and avoid unjust treatment

56
Q

what is the IRB

A
  • institutional review board
  • makes sure you aren’t doing anything you’re not supposed to
  • there is a set of standards the IRB follows that prevents unethical research from being done at their institution
57
Q

what is an endemic

A

occurs in a particular region, doesn’t tend to spread from those regions

58
Q

what is an epidemic

A

occurs in different regions usually in clusters and is spreading

59
Q

what is a sporadic

A

occurs spread out geographically and at low rates

60
Q

what is a pandemic

A

occurs in different regions around world and is spreading

61
Q

endemic v epidemic

A
  • endemic is a usual occurrence in a geographic area
  • epidemic is in excess of normal

ex. malaria in Africa v malaria in US

62
Q

epidemic v pandemic

A
  • epidemic is large # of infected within one geographic area

- pandemic spreads to large geographic regions of the world (ex. flu)

63
Q

what are some wide spread health concerns the are not eradicated but exist less commonly

A
  • black plague
  • cholera
  • tuberculosis
  • polio

it is difficult to eradicate a disease

64
Q

how can pandemic change behavior

A
  • less social, stay isolated
  • monitor what we eat
  • wear masks in public
  • take medicine
65
Q

what do health psychologists do when it comes to epidemics/pandemics

A
  • look at heath status of communities
  • identification of high-risk groups
  • development of intervention, prevention and treatment groups
66
Q

what is the 4 in 1 vaccine and why don’t people get it

A

rids of childhood diseases: measles, mumps, rubella, varicella (Chicken pox)

-religion, cost, access, fear, health concerns (allergies)

67
Q

what are actual risk factors of vaccines v. false fears of vaccines

A

risk factors: soreness/swelling, fever, rash, mild moderate and severe problems (sometimes leading to death but not common)
fear: started with illusionary correlations, article that vaccinations cause autism (belief autism symptoms and vaccinations occur at same time, this is not true)

68
Q

why is there an outbreak of measles?

A
  • because of anti-vaxers
  • vaccines hesitancy is located on WHO top ten health concerns

government regulates vaccines and you cannot go to school without them but religious and philosophical reasons are exempted

69
Q

what is herd immunity

A

reverse to the protection a mostly vaccinated population gives to unvaccinated groups, the protection weakens as the vaccination numbers fall
-also called community immunity

70
Q

what is the omission bias and an example

A

tendency to do nothing to avoid having to make a decision that could be interpreted as causing harm
-people are influence by the idea of having to accept responsibility for the potential outcomes. we are always looking for justification for our outcomes

ex. not getting a flu shot bc 5% risk of dying from it even though the risk of dying from the flu is 10%

71
Q

how is omission bias affected when choosing for other people

A

higher % chooses flu shot when asking for hospital, for patient and for child

72
Q

what are most of the modern pandemics

A

chronic illnesses

leading cause of death in developed countries is chronic illness

73
Q

what are diseases of affluence

A

chronic diseases that primarily affect Westerners with money

-this is not true, just a belief

74
Q

what are the big 4 causes of death in US

A

1) cardiovascular disease
2) cancers
3) chronic respiratory
4) diabetes

75
Q

what are identified risk factors for chronic illness

A

1) diet
2) physical activity (lack thereof)
3) tobacco

covariants that play role: SES and race
-indirect effects because they influence lifestyle choices and access to care, which in turn influences chronic illness likelihood

76
Q

how is poor diet choices influencing americans

A

increase in consumption of fast food causing rise in obesity and diabetes
1/5 children are obese

77
Q

explain diabetes and the two types

A

type 1: early onset (caused by uncontrollable factors)

type 2: adult onset (caused by health related choices, makes up most cases of diabetes)

78
Q

some main countries life expectancies

A

highest: japan- 84 years
US is 79
lowest: Lesotho- 53 years

79
Q

why can you not just look at life expectancy

A

because life expectancy is not representative of the impact that disease has on the population or quality of life

80
Q

what is DALYs

A

disability adjusted life years

-sum of the years of life lost (YLL) due to premature mortality and years lived with disability (YLD)

81
Q

how are the implications of poor health like a domino effect

A

affect individual, then family, then community, then economy

82
Q

what individual factors can influence health

A

gender, race, age, sex

83
Q

how can gender influence health

A

-men are less likely than women to seek medical care even when they have symptoms or history with illness would suggest them to do so

84
Q

how can medical knowledge influence health

A
  • what you don’t know can hurt you
  • some countries have cigarette packs with the health warnings on them
  • knowledge access issues: those who are uninsured or under-insured are less likely to seek medical care when needed and much slower to do so
85
Q

how can peer pressure influence health

A
  • you are influenced by your social network

- you can predict how likely is someone is to engage in a behavior

86
Q

what are the theories of behavior

A
  • expectancy value theory (EVT)
  • theory of planned behavior
  • transtheoretical model of behavior change
  • health belief model
  • social cognitive theory (SCT)

these models do not incorporate all factors that would contribute to extreme behaviors and addiction

87
Q

what is social cognitive theory (SCT)

A

behavior is based upon learned behavior consequences, which are acquired through four types of processes:

1) direct experiences
2) inferred learning
3) vicarious experiences
4) persuasory learning

-if your pros > cons after you learn about it then the activity is worth it (expected value comes into play)

88
Q

what is an example of the four types of processes in social cognitive theory

A

ex. Taco Bell
direct: you ate taco bell and got diarrhea so negative association is formed
vicarious: your friend ate taco bell and got diarrhea so negative association is formed (takes cognitive effort)
persuasory: learning based on information shared by others causes you to form negative associations (saw it on news)
inferred: learning derived from your own knowledge based on our assessment of probable outcomes (reading the ingredients)

persuasory and inferred learning are based solely on cognitive effort

89
Q

what is reciprocal determinism (Bandura’s theory)

A

( draw on paper)
-cognitive factors, behavior, and environmental factors all influence one another so it makes it difficult to isolate any of these variables to determine direct impact

90
Q

what are the problems with TRA and TPB

A

-it’s built upon the idea that people can ultimately control their behaviors meaning that it cant account for addiction or bad habits

91
Q

what is the transtheoretical model of behavior (TTM)

A
  • stage model: the process of change must start at the bottom and complete each step in order (can’t skip steps)
  • change is happening as a process, not as a stain event

pre contemplation -> contemplation -> preparation -> action -> maintenance

92
Q

what are the steps in the transtheoretical model of behavior (TTM)

A

pre contemplation: currently engaging in some type of unhealthy behavior, but not ready for change

contemplation: thinking about making a change, more cognitive effort spent on considering your options
preparation: I’m going to do this, but how am i going to do this? still just planning, plans not in motion yet
action: you are putting forth the effort to actually change the behavior by putting your plan into action
maintenance: less monitoring of behavior is required, because by this point you have gotten used to living without the behavior but not in clear yet

potential for recidivism always exists (go back to previous steps)

93
Q

what are the considerations of the transtheoretical model of behavior (TTM)

A
  • decisional balance in each of the stages (pros and cons list)
  • consider situational self-efficacy at each of the stages
  • problems: some people don’t go through all steps and people could use fewer stages and still change their behavior
94
Q

what is social marketing

A
  • techniques intended to promote a positive behavioral change
  • the benefit to the individual should ultimately then extend to benefit society as a whole
  • different than advertising because it’s selling a product and not a message
  • still trying to sell something to you, but mostly an idea or a change in behavior, but its usually positive provides knowledge and gives potential resources for change
95
Q

what are the 4 P’s of social marketing

A

1) product= desired outcome
2) price= tangible and intangible costs
3) place= distribution channel
4) promotion= overall strategy

96
Q

explain product

A
  • goal of the campaign

- marketers must find a way to associate an intangible concept with a tangible symbol that evokes the concept

97
Q

explain promotion

A
  • marketers decide what types of messages to use (what their angle will be)
  • through marker segmentation marketers aim their promotion at a specific group
98
Q

explain place

A
  • a good distribution channel should be accessible and frequented by target audience
  • could be an actual place or mass media venue
99
Q

explain price

A

-costs of adopting the new behavior (what they must give up) including money, time as well as social and emotional effects

100
Q

explain the article about drug campaigns

A

-30 different campaigns that looked at perceived effectiveness related to realism, amount learned and negative/positive emotion
1) ads focused on negative consequences of drug use
2&3) ads focused on bolstering self-efficacy and refusing to use drugs
4&5) ads focused on negative consequences of drug use
6) control group

results:

  • half were more effective than control
  • 1/5 of them less effective than control and the rest were not different
  • realistic ads were more effective (what they learn, negative emotion, etc)
  • “just say no” were not effective

conclusions: we need more research before doing PSA’s because it’s a waste of time if they don’t work

101
Q

what is the boomerang effect

A

social marketing campaign obtains results in the opposite direction than intended (ex. increasing a bad behavior)

102
Q

what is missing from social marketing

A
  • no instant gratification
  • no tangible object
  • no impulse “buys” because it takes planning
103
Q

what are the 6 main risks for youth that the CDC is considering improving

A

1) unintentional injury and violence
2) unhealthy eating habits
3) lack of physical activity
4) tobacco use
5) unsafe sexual practices
6) alcohol and drug use

we have data collected every 2 years from the CDC to monitor this behavior

104
Q

explain unintentional injury and violence

A
  • unintentional injury, suicide, and homicide included (unintentional injury most common, suicide second, homicide third)
  • antecedents to unintentional injury: not wearing seatbelt, texting while driving, drinking while driving
  • these trends have either not changed or decreased
  • teen car accidents occur when interacting with other passengers, texting, etc
  • other injuries: motor vehicles (biggest) and drowning, poison, fire, etc
105
Q

explain Graduated Driver Licensing Laws (GDL)

A
  • hours you must drive before license, no tolerance for drinking and driving, cell phone related laws for new drivers, limits on number of people in car
  • the age you must be to drive varies by state (14 is youngest)
106
Q

does GDL work

A

-yes, reduces fatal crashes in teens and it is a positive change which led to the biggest difference in health and well being

107
Q

what is primary v secondary enforcement of texting

A

primary: can pull over for texting
secondary: can ticket for texting but only if pulled over for something else

108
Q

explain carrying weapons

A
  • decrease in carrying weapons, lowest rate
  • school crime: adolescents and youth most likely to be affected by violent crime, we think school related deaths are increasing because the media covers them (availability), while homicide is the 2nd leading cause of death for 5-18 year olds only 1-2% happens at school
109
Q

school shootings compared to other countries

A

is a problem when compared to certain countries

-doesnt appear to be that much of a problem when compared to others, depends where you get the data from

110
Q

explain emotional/verbal violence

A
  • bullied or cyberbullies
  • cyberbullying: bullying takes place electronically and is more common in girls, includes spreading rumors, hurtful comments, threats, etc
  • suicide rates higher among victims, bully victims and the bully themselves
  • many anti-bullying campaigns have the boomerang effect (make the bullying worse)
111
Q

explain suicide

A
  • no change in rates over the recent years (was decreasing, but then increased)
  • one of the top contributors of death
  • global rates: 18th leading cause of death worldwide, lower SES=higher suicide rates (maybe because they can’t afford to seek mental care they need)
112
Q

explain trends of alcohol use

A

decrease in alcohol use

  • binge drinking = 5 drinks at a time
  • heavy drinking = 5 days of binge drinking last 30 days
  • adolescents have a much lower % of alcohol use than other age groups
113
Q

explain illicit drug use

A

10% of US uses illicit drugs (marijuana most common, young adults at highest risk)

  • marijuana has nonlinear pattern (along with cocaine) goes up and down
  • inhalants, ecstasy and meth have a downward trend (adolescents are most at risk for using inhalants)
114
Q

explain marijuana

A
  • some states have legalized marijuana medically and recreationally, others just medically
  • marijuana is considered a gateway drug: arguments against this are that most people who smoke pot do not use other drugs, could be the consequence of a purely temporal process that is a string of opportunities, some people use other illicit drugs before using pot
115
Q

what is the common liability model (CLM)

A

people who develop addictions have underlying factors like genetic and individual vulnerability that make them more prone to developing addiction

116
Q

what are the theories of substance use

A
  • moral model
  • disease model
  • medical model
  • cognitive social theories (tension reduction hypothesis and alcohol myopia model)
  • social learning theory
117
Q

what is the moral model

A

people have free will and choose to drink

  • indicates that individuals are completely responsible for their choices
  • *science indicates that the moral model doesn’t make sense**
118
Q

what is the disease model

A

people with problem drinking have disease of alcoholism

119
Q

what is the medical model

A

alcoholism has a genetic component

-RASGRF-Z variation in this gene leads to more dopamine release when rewards expected

120
Q

what is the tension reduction hypothesis

A

people drink alcohol because it reduces tension

121
Q

what is alcohol myopia model

A

people drink because it makes them feel better about themselves and alters their though process
research shows that behavior changes are partially due to placebo effect

122
Q

what is the social learning theory

A
  • drinking is a learned behavior that we acquire by observing others (the process of modeling)
  • the behavior is then maintained due to other factors, like conditioning
  • availability is a big factor (how easy it is to get alcohol)
123
Q

how does age play a large role in addiction

A
  • drug use, alcohol use and nicotine dependence are all more severe with early onset
  • less likely to develop addiction when you start at older age
124
Q

what addiction is the most common

A

gambling: 5%
alcohol: greater than 50%, 13% have AUD
illicit drugs: 3%

125
Q

what are the trends of unsafe sexual practices

A
  • adolescent sex decreasing, but some notable differences based on various demographic traits
  • more males in HS are having sex, increases every grade level from 9th-12th grade, blacks more likely to have sex than whites
126
Q

what makes sex risky

A

-the act of sex is not necessarily unsafe, depends on who, what, where, when,etc

age of onset: how old you are when you first start engaging in sexual activity

alcohol: can be a cause for inhibition, but influences who you have sex with, using protection and your expectations (men are less likely to use condoms when drinking and having sex with casual partner)
- those with high expectations that alcohol will lead to less sexual safety were less likely to use condoms (except alcohol will be a disinhibitor)

127
Q

explain birth control trends

A

decrease in sexual activity overall, but an increase in some unsafe sex practices

  • decrease in condom use (maybe because other forms of birth control, but no protection against STD)
  • some methods of birth control are more effective than others
  • black people and females are more likely to get tested for HIV
128
Q

explain STDs

A
  • adolescents are less than 30% of sexually active population, but account for 50% of STDs
  • increases in chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis (could be because of decrease in condom use or increase in screening and accuracy of tests)
  • gonorrhea is developing resistance to antibiotics (only one antibiotic could cure it)
  • HPV is most common STD (80% will get HPV, but there is a vaccine for it)
129
Q

why are young people more vulnerable to STDs

A
  • insufficient screening
  • confidentiality concerns
  • biology: young women’s bodies are more susceptible
  • lack of health care access
  • multiple sex partners

PY203 (10 decks)

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