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BIO 1510 > Lab Midterm > Flashcards

Lab Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

what tool(s) will u need to measure the correct amnt of solid material?

A

digital scale, beaker

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2
Q

what tool(s) will u need to measure the correct amnt of water?

A

50 mL graduated cylinder

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3
Q

SI unit for distance

A

meter

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4
Q

SI unit for temp

A

Kelvin

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5
Q

you’ve recorded results from an experiment when u weighted the mass of a honey badger that was placed on a restricted diet of cobras every day for one month. You want to graph this weight over time using a line-graph with the independent data on the x axis and the dependent variable on the y axis. what will u label the dependent variable on ur graph?

A

mass of badger

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6
Q

u find a pipette in lab that can transfer a maximum of 50ul of liquid. What is the maximum volume expressed in ml?

A

0.05 ml

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7
Q

which type of graph would be best for presenting the following data? (line graph or bar graph)
“the population of females in 5 US cities in the Midwest”

A

bar graph

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8
Q

which of the following is NOT part of the scientific method?

A

use subjectivity to evaluate experimental results

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9
Q

is sample C:

a. reducing or non-reducing
b. monosaccharide or non-monosaccharide
c. non-polysaccharide, branched polysaccharide, or unbranched polysaccharide?
d. galactose, maltose, sucrose, glycogen, or starch?

A

non-reducing
non-monosaccharide
unbranched polysaccharide
starch

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10
Q

which of following best describes the rxn that produces a glycosidic bond

A

dehydration synthesis- water molecule is produced in the creation of a bond

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11
Q

a plant cell uses __ as an e storage carbohydrate

A

starch

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12
Q

Lugol’s iodine reagent reacts with branched polysaccharides which causes a color change from a __ color to a __ color

A

yellow; rust-red

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13
Q

sample f contains

A

peptide bonds & 3 amino acids

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14
Q

which of the following best describes the secondary structure of a polypeptide?

A

regional 3D structures of a polypeptide

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15
Q

the amino acid proline turns the color __ in the presence of 2 molecules of ninhydrin during a TLC experiment

A

yellow

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16
Q

which of the following is NOT a reactant or product in the dehydration synthesis of a peptide bond?

A

enzyme

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17
Q

the blue-black color result in the Biuret test is a __ for peptide bonds

A

negative

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18
Q

in which situation does the enzyme operate over a larger (wider) temp range?

A

from hot springs. relative activity is higher over a larger range of temperatures when compared to humans

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19
Q

what is the optimum temp for the enzyme operating the hot springs situation?

A

90ºC

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20
Q

in which of the two types of bacteria (living in acidic pools or soil-dwelling) would chitinase exhibit greater activity when the bacteria are placed in a solution of lemon juice (pH 3)?

A

acidic pools

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21
Q

an enzyme substrate fits into the ___ of the enzyme like a key fits into a lock

A

active site

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22
Q

the name of the enzyme used in the enzymes labs is __ the reaction it catalyzes results in the production of glucose and __

A

sucrase; fructose

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23
Q

T or F when an enzyme is denatured, the tertiary structure is affected

A

true

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24
Q

in thin-layer chromatography experiment, a polar solvent is used for the mobile phase and the stationary phase is non-polar. Two spots are observed, spot A has an rf value of 0.8 and spot B has an rf value of 0.2. which spot (A or B) is more non-polar?

A

spot B

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25
Q

copper is an active ingredient in the __ reagent of the Biuret test

A

benedict’s

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26
Q

what tool(s) will u use to divide the solution into 5 equal parts and transfer it to the 5 test tubes?

A

graduated cylinder (10mL)

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27
Q

what tool(s) will u need to measure the correct amount of indicator?

A

fixed volume micropipettes (5 ul to 10ul)

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28
Q

give 2 reasons the metric system is used in science

A
  • it is universal

- easy to convert from one thing to another

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29
Q

convert 35 km-> __ m

A

35000

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30
Q

convert 425m -> __ mm

A

425000

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31
Q

SI unit for mass

A

grams

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32
Q

give 2 functions of carbohydrates in the body

A
  • e storage

- structural components

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33
Q

T or F: the basic chemical structure for a carbohydrate can be written as (CH2O)n

A

true

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34
Q

T or F: amylose is an unbranched polysaccharide that forms an alpha-helix in water

A

true

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35
Q

3 unknown amino acids (AA) produce a chromatograph with a non polar solvent. their rf values are as follows: AA1=0.1, AA2=0.45, AA3=0.75. what can be inferred regarding their polarity (which is most or least polar)? how might that make their rf values different

A 
1+0.75+0.45+0.10= 1.30 
0.1/1.3=.077
.45/1.3=.35
**0.75/1.3=0.58**
most polar is closer to the top
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36
Q

SI unit for volume

A

liters

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37
Q

T or F: pie charts are used to plot measurements taken over time

A

false

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38
Q

T or F: the independent variable depends on the dependent variable

A

false

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39
Q

is sample A fructose, lactose, sucrose, glycogen, or starch?

iodine test: (-)

A

sucrose

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40
Q

is sample B fructose, lactose, sucrose, glycogen, or starch?

iodine test: yellow

A

fructose

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41
Q

how does the Benedict’s reaction work?

A

the Benedict’s rxn indicates a color change from blue to green, to yellow, to orange, to red or no color change at all. It tests for the presence (red) or absence (blue) of a reducing sugar. the positive rxn takes place when Cu2+-> Cu1+

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42
Q

T or F: water is added during a dehydration rxn

A

false

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43
Q

how are amino acids chemically different from other biomolecules?

A

they have an amino group attached to the alpha carbon, have peptide bonds, and have an R group that makes them distinguishable from each other

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44
Q

what is the basic chemical composition of a monosaccharide?

A

(CH2O)n

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45
Q

what tools will u need to set up a boiling water bath?

A

erlenmeyer flask, 100mL beaker, hot plate and a thermometer

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46
Q

the components of the TLC are carried by a __ phase which separates the molecules according to their interactions with the __ phase

A

mobile; stationary

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47
Q

is sample C fructose, lactose, sucrose, glycogen, or starch?

iodine test: black

A

starch

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48
Q

__ is an example of an unbranched polysaccharide

A

amylose

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49
Q

__ is an example of a highly branched polysaccharide

A

glycogen

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50
Q

a peptide bond is formed between the __ group of one aa and the __ group of another

A

carboxyl; amino

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51
Q

in the Sudan IV test for lipids, the sample had a clear layer and a red layer

A

results because this sentence says the data that was collected

52
Q

triglycerides are formed thru dehydration synthesis of glycerol with three fatty acids

A

introduction bc this sentence provides background info

53
Q

t or f: when doing an assay, u would make a prediction; when doing an experiment, u would formulate a hypothesis

A

true

54
Q

lipids perform many functions in biological organisms, including e storage, insulation, hormone formation and structural component of cell membranes

A

intro bc it states background info on lipids and background info always goes in the introduction

55
Q

in the discussion section, do we draw our conclusions from the results of the experiment or from our initial hypothesis?

A

in the discussion section, we restate the hypothesis and say if it is correct or not. Then using the results, we explain why or why not it was right or wrong

56
Q

I’ve designed my experiment to include a positive control in which I add Benedict’s reagent to a solution containing glucose. How can I use this same idea to include a negative control? where in the lab report would I include this info?

A

u can add Benedict’s reagent to a non-reducing sugar like sucrose to have a negative control. U would include this in the materials and methods section in the lab report

57
Q

since the sample did not leave a translucent, oily spot on the paper and dissolved in water, it was determined that the sample was not a lipid

A

discussion bc it is explaining why something happened

58
Q

a student decides to use a quote from the lab manual in the introduction section of their lab report. what 3 things will this student have to do to make sure they are not accused of plagiarism?

A
  • reference the author in text
  • cite the reference in works cited
  • in text citations (parenthesis around quote)
59
Q

in which situation (inside humans or from hot springs) does the enzyme operate over a smaller (narrower) temperature range?

A

inside humans the enzymes operate at a smaller (more narrow) range. It operates @ 25ºC-65ºC while hot springs operate at 40ºC-95ºC

60
Q

what is the optimum temp for the enzyme operating in the human body (include units)?

A

40ºC

61
Q

in which of the 2 types of bacteria (living in acidic pools or soil-dwelling) would chitinase exhibit activity when the bacteria are placed in seawater (pH 8)?

A

chitinase from soil-dwelling bacteria

62
Q

which data set below best fits chitinase from acidic pool bacteria?

A

data set Z

100,92,90,…

63
Q

enzymes affect rxn rate by __ the activation e

A

decreasing

64
Q

an enzyme’s function is determined by its

A

shape of the enzyme that results from a, b, and c

65
Q

describe what happens when an enzyme is denatured. It is usually reversible?

A

when an enzyme is denatured it is unable to perform its normal functions

66
Q

T or F: the suffix for enzymes is -ase

A

true

67
Q

T or F: enzymes are most often proteins at the secondary structural level

A

true

68
Q

in which situation (inside humans or from hot springs) does the enzyme operate over a larger (wider) temp range?

A

from hot springs. Relative activity is higher over a larger range of temperatures when compared to humans

69
Q

what is the optimum temp for the enzyme operating the hot springs situation?

A

90ºC

70
Q

in which of the 2 types of bacteria (living in acidic pools or soil-dwelling) would chitinase exhibit greater activity when the bacteria are placed in a solution of lemon juice (pH 3)?

A

acidic pools

71
Q

which data set below best fits chitinase from soil-dwelling bacteria?

A

data set Y

50, 62,78,…

72
Q

an enzyme substrate fits into the __ of the enzyme like a key fits into a lock

A

active site

73
Q

the name of the enzyme used in the ‘Enzymes’ lab is __; the rxn it catalyzes results in the production of glucose and __

A

sucrase; fructose

74
Q

T or F: when an enzyme is denatured, the tertiary structure is affected

A

true

75
Q

which data set below best fits the bacteria living in humans?

A

data set X

62,100,92,..

76
Q

the temp at which an enzyme displays the highest activity is the __ temp

A

optimal

77
Q

sucrase catalyzes sucrose into its 2 component molecules: __ and ___

A

sucrose; fructose

78
Q

describe 2 factors that can denature proteins and what happens to an enzyme’s structure when this occurs

A

pH and temp can denature proteins. The enzyme’s structure begins to unfold and lose its shape

79
Q

T or F: protein denaturation is always permanent

A

false

80
Q

T or F: an enzyme is used up during a chemical rxn

A

false

81
Q

what is the correct order of steps for the ELISA procedure listed below?

a. unbounded secondary antibody washed from wells
b. antigen added to wells
c. primary antibody added to wells
d. results are determined
e. color-producing enzyme added to wells
f. unbounded primary antibody washed from wells
g. secondary antibody added to wells
h. unbounded antigen washed from wells

A

b, h, c, f, g, a, e, d

82
Q

ELISA lab: a positive result (+) (antigen present in well) is __ (-) ; a negative result (antigen not present) is ___

A

blue; colorless

83
Q

what does ELISA stand for

A

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

84
Q

ELISA: color detection occurred because the enzyme reacted with the substrate attached to the __

A

antigen

85
Q

ELISA: name 2 antibody-based tests that u can buy at ur local pharmacy

A
  • drug test

- pregnancy test

86
Q

ELISA: how would u interpret the following results? what are some possible reasons that student B’s wells were not the same?

A

student A’s wells tested (+). 2/3 of student B’s wells tested (-) while one tested (+). This could be due to possible error when washing the wells.

87
Q

which of the following is the most likely result if u skipped the addition of primary antibodies during the ELISA procedure when there is an antigen in the well?

A

false negative

88
Q

which reagent of the ELISA assay contains enzymes

A

secondary antibody solution

89
Q

assay

A

a test used to determine the presence or absence of a substance or its properties

90
Q

monosaccharide

A

one structural unit

91
Q

disaccharide

A

two structural units

92
Q

polysaccharide

A

more than two structural units

93
Q

what is the basic formula for disaccharides?

A

C12H22O11

94
Q

what is the basic formula for polysaccharides

A

(C6H1O5)n

95
Q

branched polysaccharides

A

glycogen, amylopectin

96
Q

unbranched polysaccharides

A

amylose (starch), cellulose

97
Q

Benedict’s test: non-reducing carb

A

reactive aldehyde/ketone is part of bond formed in dehydration
and cannot react with
Benedict’s reagent
**blue color

98
Q

Benedict’s test: reducing carb

A

aldehyde/ketone is not part of bond, can react with Benedict’s reagent, reducing the copper from 2+ to 1+ (Cu2 -> Cu1+)
**rust-red color

99
Q

monosaccharides: 3 C

A

triose

100
Q

monosaccharides: 5 C

A

pentose (ribose)

101
Q

monosaccharides: 6 C

A

hexose (glucose, galactose, fructose)

102
Q

Barfoed’s test: negative

A

pure blue, no precipitate

103
Q

Barfoed’s test: positive

A

dirty blue with dash of dark color (red)

104
Q

lugol’s iodine test: negative

A

yellow/orange (no polysaccharide)

105
Q

lugol’s iodine test: positive -branched

A

light brown (glycogen)

106
Q

lugol’s iodine test: positive -unbranched

A

dark blue (starch)

107
Q

antigens

A

large molecules, often proteins, found on the surface of cells and some non-living substances, such as toxins and foreign particles, that help to identify that organism or substance.

108
Q

antibodies

A

specialized proteins produced in response to the presence of antigens. The “Y” tips of the antibody are designed to be specific to a particular antigen, so they will only recognize and bind to that antigen

109
Q

steps of ELISA lab

A

1) antigen binds to the surface of the well
2) primary antibody binds to antigen
3) secondary antibody binds to primary antibody
4) enzyme with colorimetric agent binds to secondary antibody

110
Q

why is it important to wash the wells between each step?

A

to remove any unbound proteins/antibodies and to eliminate the chance of getting a false positive or a false negative

111
Q

conversion trick

A 
K H D b D C M 
king henry died by drinking chocolate milk 
km, hm, Dm, base unit (m, L, g), cm, mm
kilo: 1000
hecto: 100
deca: 10
U: unit
deci: 0.1
centi: 0.01
milli: 0.001
*micro: 0.000001 or 10^-6
*nano: 0.000000001 or 10^-9
112
Q

Benedict’s test for __

A

reducing sugars

113
Q

Barfoed’s test for __

A

monosaccharides

114
Q

Lugol’s iodine test for __

A

polysaccharides

115
Q

what are the 4 major forms of organic molecules?

A

1) fats
2) proteins
3) carbohydrates
4) nucleic acids

116
Q

proteins and aa contain..

A
  • N
  • C
  • H
  • some have S
117
Q

amino acids

A
  • have a carboxyl and amino group
  • have a distinguishable R group
  • have an alpha C
118
Q

rf value

A

number where line is / final number

119
Q

3D protein structure binds __ so rxn can occur more easily

A

substrate

120
Q

what happens when a protein is denatured?

A

its secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures can be disrupted by temp, pH, and other chemicals and conditions

121
Q

can protein denaturation be reversed?

A

yes often times, once the influencing condition has been removed

122
Q

optimal conditions of enzymes

A
  • human mouth, stomach, and small intestines

- bacteria that live in extreme environments like hot springs

123
Q

primary structure

A

sequence of amino acids

124
Q

secondary structure

A

interaction of groups in the peptide backbone
ß-sheet
a- helix
*regional 3D structure

125
Q

tertiary structure

A

final folded shape of a globular protein

  • Stabilized by a number of forces
  • Final level of structure for proteins consisting of only a single polypeptide chain
126
Q

quaternary structure

A

arrangement of individual chains (subunits) in a protein w/ 2 or more polypeptide chains

BIO 1510 (10 decks)

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