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Intro to Psycho > Chap 3 Biopsychology > Flashcards

Chap 3 Biopsychology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of brain

A

Lizard brain, mammal brain and human brain

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2
Q

In which part is the lizard brain and what is it responsible for?

A

In Brain stem and cerebelum. Fight or flight: Autopilot

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3
Q

In which part is the mammal brain and what is it responsible for?

A

In Limbic System. Emotions, memories, habits: Decisions

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4
Q

In which part is the human brain and what is it responsible for?

A

In Neocortex. Language, abstract thought, imagination, consciousness: Reasons, rationalizes

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5
Q

How is called the extension of the spinal cord and what does it include?

A

The brainstem includes the pons and medulla.

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6
Q

Name the part that is attached to the top of the brainstem and the one that passes through both structures

A

Thalamus is attached and the reticular passes through

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7
Q

What are the names of the three parts that compose the Limbic System

A

Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Hippocampus

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8
Q

What does the hypothalamus controls

A

The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, important aspects of parenting and attachment behaviours, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms.

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9
Q

What does the hippocampus relate to?

A

Relates to long-term memory

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10
Q

What does the amygdala control?

A

Your amygdalae are essential to your ability to feel certain emotions and to perceive them in other people.

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11
Q

What is the direction of the development of the brain?

A

From proximal to distal

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12
Q

Describe and name the three physical seperations within the brain.

A 
Longitudinal fissure (fissure = deep sulcus) (b/w hemispheres)
Central sulcus (frontal vs parietal)
Lateral sulcus (top of temporal)
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13
Q

What is the right hemisphere better at?

A

Images

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14
Q

What is the left hemisphere better at?

A

Language

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15
Q

Where is the motor cortex and what does it control?

A

The area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary movements.

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16
Q

What does the sensory cortex do?

A

It receives information from skin surface and sense organs.

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17
Q

Name the five brain involved in language processing

A
  1. Visual cortex (written word as visual stimulation)
  2. Angular gyrus (transforms visual representations into an auditory code)
  3. Wernicke’s area (Interprets auditory code)
  4. Broca’s area (Controls speech muscles via the motor cortex)
  5. Motor cortex (word is pronounced)
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18
Q

What is expressive aphasia?

A

Understand what you are saying, getting information but when he would go to speak it but it wouldn’t come out

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19
Q

What problems are related to aphasia?

A

Aphasia is a problem with fluency, comprehension and repetitions

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20
Q

What does the CT scan used and what does it look for mostly?

A

Uses x-rays

Commonly used for car accident (bleeding)

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21
Q

Lack of which neurotransmitters in parkinson disease?

A

Not enough activity according on Pet Scan, lack of dopamine

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22
Q

Excess of which neurotransmitters in schizophrenia disease?

A

Too much activity according on Pet Scan, excess of dopamine.

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23
Q

Describe the dentrites and their role.

A

Look like leafless trees attached to cell body. Receive messages from other cells

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24
Q

Describe the cell body and its role.

A

biggest part of the neuron. It is the cell’s life support center.

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25
Q

Describe the axon and its role.

A

Long stem that conducts the neural impulse. It connects the cell body to the terminal branches. It passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons muscles or glands.

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26
Q

Describe the myelin sheath and its role.

A

Fatty substance that covers the axon of some neurons (to protect) and helps speed neural impulses ( insure conductivity).

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27
Q

What are neural impulses?

A

Electrical signal traveling down the axon

28
Q

Describe terminal branches of axon

A

Look like snails eyes. From junctions with other cells, they send out the impulse.

29
Q

At what value of membrane potential are neurons at rest?

A

We are at constant resting negative state (-70). They spark up (+30)

30
Q

What type of “influence” does the neurotransmitter adrenaline has?

A

Fight of flight

31
Q

What type of “influence” does the neurotransmitter noradrenaline has?

A

Concentration

32
Q

What type of “influence” does the neurotransmitter seratonine has?

A

Mood

33
Q

What type of “influence” does the neurotransmitter dopamine has?

A

Pleasure

34
Q

What type of “influence” does the neurotransmitter gaba has?

A

Calming

35
Q

What type of “influence” does the neurotransmitter acetylcholine has?

A

Learning

36
Q

What type of “influence” does the neurotransmitter glutamate has?

A

Memory

37
Q

What type of “influence” does the neurotransmitter endorphins has?

A

Euphoria

38
Q

What are the functional divisions of the nervous system

A

Peripheral and Central (brain and spinal cord)

39
Q

What does the peripheral part of the nervous system control?

A

Autonomic: controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands

40
Q

What does the central part of the nervous system control?

A

Somatic: controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

41
Q

What are the two distinctions in the peripheral ?

A

Sympathetic (arousing) and parasympathetic (calming)

42
Q

What does the prefrontal cortex control?

A

Planning, moral judgement, emotional control

43
Q

What is the role of corpus callosum?

A

The corpus callosum is a thick band of nerve fibers that divides the cerebral cortex lobes into left and right hemispheres. It connects the left and right sides of the brain allowing for communication between both hemispheres.

44
Q

What are the steps in order of an action potential

A

1) resting potential (Na+/K+) pump
2) Depolarisation (voltage-gated Na+ channel)
3) Repolarisation (Voltage-gated K+ channel)
4) Resting potential (Na+/K+ pump)

45
Q

Describe briefly the sending of a neuron

A 
electrical impulses (actions potentials) travel down a neuron's axon util reaching a tiny junction known as a synapse. 
When a action potential reaches an axon terminal, it stimulates the release of neurotransmitter molecules. These molecules cross the synaptic gap and bing o receptor sites on the receiving neuron. This allows electrically charged atoms to enter the receiving neuron and excite or inhibit a new action potential. 
The sending neuron normally reabsorbs excess neurotransmitter molecules, a process called reuptake.
46
Q

What is an agonist

A

It imitates a neurotransmitter ( does not necessarily increase activity).

47
Q

What is an antagonist

A

It reduces our production of a neurotransmitter

48
Q

Name type of psychoactive substances that can have an impact on neurons, neuronal communication and/or neurotransmitters

A

Agonist, antagonist

49
Q

Name a example of substance that can influence the sensitivity of receptors

A

A drug that increases the sensitivity of domamine receptors would be a dopamine agonist

50
Q

What are the four types of drug categories

A

Antipsychotics, stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens

51
Q

What do depressants do?

A

Supress CNS activity, GABA agonists

52
Q

What are the effect of alcohols?

A

Depressing the pre-frontal cortex: uninhibited, engaged in more risky behavior. (3 drinks)
Lost balance, difficulty speaking (5 drinks)
Lost consciousness, breathing slows (12 drinks)
Black out drunk: lost of ability to create memory.

53
Q

What do stimulants do?

A

Tend to increase overall levels of neural activity, dopamine agonist, euphoric high. Repeated use: nausea, high blood pressure, increased heart rate.

54
Q

Give example of stimulants

A

Cocaine and crack, Amphetamines and methamphetamines, caffeine, nicotine

55
Q

Health effect of caffeine (positive and negative)

A

Positive: Increase attention and alertness, decreased fatigure, lower risk of cardiovascular disease, lower risk of diabetes, increased metabolic rate.
Negative effects: anxiety and addiction, increased vasoconstriction and blood pressure, reduced control of fine motor movements, stimulation of urination

56
Q

Name effects of nicotine use

A

Arouses the brain to a state of increased alertness
Increases heart rate and blood pressure
At high levels, relaxes muscles and triggers the release of neurotransmitters that may reduce stress
Reduces circulation to extremities
Suppresses appetite for carbohydrates

57
Q

Effect of opioids

A 
Analgesic properties (reduces pains)
Natural opioids: apiates
58
Q

Examples of opioids

A

Heroin

59
Q

What are hallucinogens

A

Alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences

Mescaline and LSD

60
Q

What can Marijuana, Cannabis, THC be?

A

Stimulant, depressant, hallucinogen

61
Q

Describe what is the endrocrine system ?

A

System is the body’s “slow” chemical communication system. Communication is carried out by hormones synthesized by a set of glands.

62
Q

What is the main function of the pituitary glands

A

Its mainfunctionis to secrete hormones into your bloodstream.

63
Q

Bad side effects to drug/substance abuse?

A

Addictive disorder, physical dependance (withdrawal, tolerance), Phychological dependance (drug craving)

64
Q

Explain what is Drug Onset cues

A

Drug onset cues : your body prepares for the incoming drugs you usually take when inside this specific place

65
Q

Describe circadian rhythms

A

In is a 24-hour cycle that includes sleep and wakefulness.

Intro to Psycho (6 decks)

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