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Physiology 202 > Lab 3 > Flashcards

Lab 3 Flashcards

1
Q

8% of total fluid volume of blood is 5 liters, how much fluid volume do we have total?

A

5 L/0.08 = 62.5L

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2
Q

How do you find your systolic and diastolic BP?

A

Steps

  1. Place cuff around arm, so that the arrow is aligned with brachial artery and tubes come off in the same direction (no jackets)
  2. Secure cuff and place gauge on cuff
  3. Tighten gage (clockwise)
  4. Pump up cuff to 180
  5. Ensure that hole is open on the large plate of the stethoscope
  6. Place distally on arm on Median Cubital vein
  7. Release pressure slowly and listen until you can hear turbulent flow (systolic pressure is when turbulent flow returns)
  8. Continue to release pressure until all sounds dissapear (diastolic blood pressure is when laminar flow returns)
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3
Q

What is the calculation for Blood pressure?

A

Systolic/Diastolic

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4
Q

How do you find Pulse Pressure?

A

PP = SBP - DBP

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5
Q

Name 9 things that blood does

A
  • Oxygen transport
  • Nutrient transport
  • Hormone transport (endocrine)
  • Carbon dioxide transport
  • Waste transport
  • Buffers pH
  • Heart exchange
  • Clotting
  • Immune function
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6
Q

What are the components of our blood in percentages?

A
  • 8% of our body fluids is blood
    • 55% of our blood volume is blood plasma
    • 45% of out blood volume is formed elements
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7
Q

What are the 2 main components of blood?

A
  • Plasma elements:
    • Straw colored fluid containing dissolved substances
  • Formed elements:
    • Thrombocytes
    • Erythrocytes
    • Leukocytes (NOT LYMPHOCYTES even though theyre a type of leukocyte)
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8
Q

What are the main plasma elements?

A
  • Proteins 7%
    • 54% Albumins -> transport and maintenance of oncotic pressure
      • Helps to draw in fluid
    • 38% Globulins -> important for transport, binding ligands, similar to albumin
      • Special Globulins: immunoglobulins AKA Antibodies
      • Antibodies and hemoglobins
    • 7% Fibrinogen -> precursour to clotting protein Fibrin
  • Water 91.5%
    • Mostly water
  • Other Solutes 1.5%
    • Nutrients, Homeostatic Substances, Waste
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9
Q

What are the main formed elements? (45% of blood volume)

A
  • Thrombocytes (Don’t write platelets)
    • Blood clotting
    • Produced by a type of leukocyte: megakaryocytes
  • Leukocytes (Don’t write white blood cells)
    • Immune functions
  • Erythrocytes (Don’t write red blood cells)
    • Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport
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10
Q

Discuss red blood cells (Erythrocytes)

A
  • Basically large sacs of hemoglobin
    • Sugar floating by sticks to them
  • Shape: Biconcave
  • Functions:
    • Oxygen Transport
    • Carbon Dioxide Transport
  • Features:
    • Heme makes Erythrocytes red
    • They do not contain organelles
    • They mainly participate in glycolysis so they don’t use up oxygen
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11
Q

Why is carbon dioxide bad for erythrocytes?

A

Carbon dioxides binds covalently so that hemaglobin doesn’t properly with oxygen distribution and waste pick up

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12
Q

What are the Agranular and Granular leukocytes? What are their relative %?

A
  • NEB - Granular (-philled with granules) these are -phils
    • Neutrophils 60-70%
    • Eosinophils 2-4%
    • Basophils 0.5-1%
  • LM - Agranular (granules still presents) these are -cytes
    • Lymphocytes 20-25%
    • Monocytes 3-8%
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13
Q

Why is it important to know the relative percentages of the leukocytes?

A

Its important to know their %s because if there is an infection, fungus, allergic reaction, etc. then the leukocytes will increase in their % and we will know what is happening based on the % being higher than normal.

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14
Q

Discuss Neutrophils

A
  • Granular
  • Multi-lobed (3-5) - Easiest way to identify
    • What are the lobes? -> Nuclei!
    • Where is the cytoplasm? -> All around the lobes!
  • First responders
    • Role in inflammation, bacterial infections
      • They literally chase the invaders
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15
Q

Discuss Lymphocytes

A
  • Agranular
  • Large nucleus
  • Small cytoplasm
  • Attacks Virally Infected Cells
    • Role in leukemia

***You can tell these apart from Basophils because these are very round and Basophils are very bumpy

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16
Q

Discuss Monocytes

A
  • Agranular
  • Shape:
    • Largest WBC
    • Amorphous -> not a circle; can really morph into whatever shape
    • Dendrites
      • The spikes on its body
      • Immune presenting processes
    • Kidney shaped nucleus

Role in fungal and viral infections

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17
Q

Discuss Eosinophils

A
  • Granular
  • Bi-lobed (hint: the word eosinophil has two “o” in it)
  • Pink granules in the cytoplasm
    • Eosinophilic stain is red or pink
      • Eosin refers to the specific pinkish dye
  • Parasitic infections
    • Role in allergic reactions
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18
Q

Discuss Basophils

A
  • Granular
  • Very dark purple granules
  • “Bumpy” outer surface
    • No visible cytoplasm
  • Role in Allergic reactions, cancer
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19
Q

Name that cell

A
20
Q

Discuss Thrombocytes

A
  • Also called Platelets
  • Help form platelet plug
  • Sometimes considered cells
  • Sometimes considered cell fragments
  • These are derived from Megakaryocytes
21
Q

Look at this snazzy chart of Agranual vs granual leukocytes

A
22
Q

What are the types of leukemia?

A
  • Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) = fast growing
    • Origin = bone marrow
    • Commonly seen in children
    • Median age of onset = 14 years
  • Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
    • Commonly seen in older adults
    • Median age of onset = 67 years
  • Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
    • Origin = lymphocytes
    • Commonly seen in older adults, accounts for 1/3 of all leukemia cases
    • Median age of onset = 71 years
  • Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
    • Origin = blood forming cells of bone marrow
    • Only accounts for ~10% of Leukemia cases
  • Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia (CMML)
    • Origin = Bond forming cells of bone marrow
    • Commonly seen in older adults
    • Median age of onset = 64 years
  • Leukemia in children
    • Most common cancer for kids and teenagers
    • Chronic leukemia types are rare in children
23
Q

What is leukemia and who does it primarily affect?

A
  • Cancer form that affects blood and bone marrow
    • Commonly affects leukocytes (WBC)
  • Occurs most often in adults older than 55
  • Most common cancer in kids younger than 15
24
Q

How does Leukemia occur?

A
  • Bone marrow produces abnormal leukocytes, which divide continuously
  • This interferes with the healthy cells’ ability to deliver O2, nutrients, and fight infections
  • Thought to develop due to genetic and environmental factors
    • Some environmental factors could be: Smoke, dust, maternal diet, higher socioeconomic status
25
Q

What are symptoms of leukemia?

A
  • Fever or chills
  • Fatigue
  • Losing weight unintentionally
  • Swollen lymph nodes
  • Easy bleeding or bruising
  • Bone pain/tenderness
26
Q

What are some treatments for leukemia?

A
  • Combination of 2 cancer therapies-target cancerous stem cells
  • Chemotherapy
  • Radiation
  • Stem Cell transplant
27
Q

What is Sickle Cell Anemia?

A
  • Inherited form of anemia
  • Commonly seen in those with African ancestry or Hispanic background
    • About 1 in 13 AA babies are born with sickle cell trait
    • About 1 in 365 AA babies are born with sickle cell disease
  • Inhibits ability to carry adequate oxygen to organs
    • Erythrocytes become “sickle” shaped (rigid and sticky)
28
Q

Discuss Sickle Cell Anemia Pathology

A
  • Abnormal protein titled “Hemoglobin S” in erythrocytes
  • Sickled hemoglobin affects oxygen level, leading to sickle shaped cells
  • Normal erythrocytes last 90-120 days and sickled cells last only 10-20 days
    • This is bad because your body is constantly trying to catch up on making more erythrocytes
  • Sickle cell trait: one sickle hemoglobin gene and one normal -> protective against malaria
29
Q

What are some symptoms of Sickle Cell

A
  • Anemia, shortage of erythrocytes
  • Episodes of pain, “crises” due to blocked blood flow to chest, abdomen, joints, and bones
  • Swelling of upper and lower appendages
  • Delayed growth
  • Vision problems
  • Frequrn infections
30
Q

What are some treatments for sickle cell?

A
  • There is no cure currently. Treatments exists to aid with adverse symptoms
  • Blood transfusions
  • Bone marrow transplant (rare)
31
Q

What is the name of the abnormal protein that causes hemoglobin to be sickled?

A

Hemoglobin S

32
Q

Where does Leukemia originate?

A

Bone marrow

33
Q

Name 3 organs that are affected by Leukemia

A

Liver, spleen, skin, lungs, brain

34
Q

What may cause Leukemia?

A

Thought to be caused by genetics and environmental factors

35
Q

How can an individual be protected against malaria?

A

If they have Sickle Cell Trait (carriers of one sickle hemoglobin gene and one normal one)

36
Q

What is the lifespan for sick;e-shaped erythrocytes?

A

Approximately 10-20 days

37
Q

What are the components in a hematocrit tube?

A
38
Q

Does the Hematocrit tell you total blood volume?

A

No, its just a small sample!

39
Q

What affects hematocrit?

A
  • Quantity of cells
  • Testosterone
  • Hydration Status
40
Q

What is the % of hematocrit for males and females?

A

40-54% for Males and 36-48% for females

41
Q

What causes low hematocrit?

A

Destruction of erythrocytes, high plasma

42
Q

What causes high hematocrit?

A
  • High production of erythrocytes
  • Low plasma
43
Q

How do you calculate hematocrit?

A
44
Q

What is blood doping? Why is it dangerous? What are better alternatives?

A
  • Drawing blood, spinning it down, freezing just the RBC, reinjecting it before big race for better oxygen transportation
  • It is dangerous because you can have very high resistance, high BP, and very thick viscosity
  • Better alternatives include:
    • EPO (erythropoientin) drug, Altitude training, blood substitues (good because no blood typing, bad because not developed enough)
45
Q
A

Physiology 202 (12 decks)

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