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STEP 1 MIXED > Deck 9 > Flashcards

Deck 9 Flashcards

1
Q

MOA doxycycline?

A

tetracycline, ihibits 30S ribosomal subunit

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2
Q

What is CN VII responsible for?

A 
Lacrimation
Salivation
Facial expression
Stapes
Taste anterior 2/3 tongue
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3
Q

SE of amphotericin B?

A

Renal toxicity

Hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia

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4
Q

Brain tumor with biphasic highly cellular areas mixed with low cellular areas. Long neurons with oval nuclei- what is it?

A

Schwannoma

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5
Q

What is a schwannoma derived from?

A

Neural crest cells (S-100***)

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6
Q

Most common site for schwannoma?

A

Cerebellopontine angle

Affecting CNVIII

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7
Q

MOA statins

A

inhibition of HMC-CoA reductase

Increased LDLr recycling

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8
Q

What molecules are responsible for Rolling, adhesion, and transmigration?

A

Rolling- selectins
Adhesion- ICAM, integrins, CD18
Transmigration- PECAM

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9
Q

What are symptoms of leukocyte adhesion deficiency?

A

Absent CD18- no adhesion
REcurrent infections with no pus
Delayed umbilical cord separation

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10
Q

MOA drug induced lupus?

A

Inhibited liver acetylation

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11
Q

What drugs cause drug induced lupus?

A

Procainamide, hydralazine, isoniazid

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12
Q

Filtration fraction equation?

A

FF = GFR/ RPF

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13
Q

What substances are used to approximate GFR and RPF?

A

Cr and PAH

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14
Q

What is equation for determining clearance of any substance in urine?

A

(urine concentration x urine flow rate)/ plasma concentration

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15
Q

What are the two equations for determining CO?

A 
CO = HR x SV
CO = rate of O2 consumption/ AV O2 content difference
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16
Q

What do immune deposits consist of in PSGN?

A

IgG, IgM, C3

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17
Q

Where do testes and scrotum lymph nodes drain to?

A

testes- para aortic

scrotum = superficial inguinal nodes

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18
Q

What is the difference between 17oh deficiency and 11oh deficiency clinically?

A

17oh deficiency will result in males being phenotypically female

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19
Q

Which diabetes med increases release of insulin and C peptide?

A

Sulfonylurea (glyburide)

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20
Q

What is endocrine SE of amiodarone?

A

Hyper and hypothyroidism

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21
Q

What secretes IL12? WHat does it do?

A

Macrophages, it recruits T cells and differentiates them to Th1 (TB)

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22
Q

What do Th1 secrete in TB?

A

IFN-gamma, it activates macrophages

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23
Q

What do macrophages secrete in TB?

A

TNF-alpha and IL12

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24
Q

RF for gallstones?

A

TPN, hypomobility, obeisity, female

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25
Q

how does TPN cause gallstones?

A

Decreased CCK release

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26
Q

Where is anesthetic drug such as propofol distributed as it gets injected?

A

Blood, then brain, then skeletal muscle

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27
Q

What hormones bind DNA?

A

cortisol, aldosterone, progesterone, thyroid hormone, and fat soluble vitamins

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28
Q

What are labs in aplastic anemia? What do you see on bone marrow biopsy?

A

Pancytopenia with increased reticulocytes

Increased lipid content on bone marrow aspiration

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29
Q

What type of gene is associated with HER2 vs BRCA1?

A

HER2 - tyrosine kinase oncogene

BRCA1 - 2 hit hypothesis impaired DNA repair

30
Q

What does granular appearance on IF mean?

A

Immune complex mediated - PSGN or membranous

31
Q

What does smooth appearance on IF mean?

A

GBM disease, goodpastures, Anca vasculitis

32
Q

What does rotavirus do to intestines?

A

Infects duodenal and jejunal epithelium, causing villous blunting, proliferation of crypt cells, and loss of brush border enzymes

33
Q

WHere is common peroneal nerve? What does it do?

A

Lateral neck of fibula. Responsible for foot dorsiflexion and eversion and extension

34
Q

Why is there a drop in PaO2 between alveoli and pulmonary veins?

A

Mixing of unoxygenated blood from bronchial blood

35
Q

What does phosphorylation of Rb do?

A

It inhibits Rb protein which allows G1—S

36
Q

What appendage contains the gonadal artery? WHere does gonadal artery originate?

A 
Spermatic cord (will  be ischemic in testicular torsion)
Arises from Abdominal Aorta
37
Q

What do you need to check before giving Etanercept?

A

For TB

TNF-alpha antagonist can cause reactivation of TB

38
Q

What is stool microscopy with sudan III stain?

A

Tests for malabsorption and fat in stool

39
Q

What is pulsus paradoxus? Who gets it?

A

Drop in systolic > 10 during inspiration (systolic). Also measurable by difference in when Korsakoff sounds are heard**
Occurs in cardiac tamponade, pericardial disease, when there is increased pressure in RV (it compresses LV and decreases systolic)

40
Q

What are effects of dobutamine on heart? When should you use it? WHen should you NOT use it?

A

Increases contractility AND chronotropy Works on B1 receptors.
Use in people with heart failure and cardiogenic shock**
Don’t use in people with decompensated heart failure– it increases myocardial oxygen demand*** but ok to use in shock

41
Q

WHat artery is affected in stroke where you get contralateral homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparing?

A

PCA

42
Q

SE of ACEi

A

Bradykinin increase causing cough and edema**

Hyperkalemia

43
Q

Which beta blockers are cardioselective?

A

A-M

Atenolol, bisop, nivedolol, metop

44
Q

What type of posturing occurs when brainstem is compressed?

A

Extensor posturing

45
Q

When a study gives you RR for two groups, then asks you what percent of death can be attributed to group B. What equation do you use?

A

Attributable risk perecent in the exposed (ARP)

ARP = 100 ((risk in exposed - risk in unexposed)/risk in exposed)
Or ARP = 100 ((RR-1)/RR) where RR = exposed group

46
Q

What humoral components are involved in Type I hypersensitivity reaction?

A

IgE - anaphylaxis. Basophils and mast cells

47
Q

What humoral components are involved in Type II hypersensitivity reactions?

A

IgG, IgM, complement. AIHA (ABO incompatibility), Goodpasture

48
Q

What humoral components are involved in Type III hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Antibody-antigen complex, complement. Serum sickness, PSGN, SLE

49
Q

What cellular components are involved in Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

A

T-cells, macrophages. Contact dermatitis, PPD test

50
Q

What type of diarrhea occurs with lactase deficiency?

A

Osmotic diarrhea

51
Q

What is linkage disequilibrium?

A

When two alleles appear together more or less often that should be expected. Occurs when the genes are in close proximity within the same chromosome

Multiply each allele’s occurrence rate in order to get the probability of of often *should be expressing together (expected frequency)

52
Q

What happens to mucosa histologically in GERD?

A

Elongation of lamina propria, basal zone hyperplasia, eosinophil and neutrophil invasion

53
Q

What nerve is injured in tendelenberg gait? Which side is affected?

A

Superior gluteal nerve - supplying tensor fascae lata, gluteus minimus, gluteus medius

The hip that sags is unaffected. In trendelenberg gait, they will swing toward affected side

54
Q

Where does CNV3 exit skull?

A

Foramen ovale

55
Q

How would blood flow with fistula between Aortic root and RV

A

Continuously from AR to RV. Complication of bacterial endocarditis

56
Q

How do fetuses with ARPKD develop?

A

They get potter sequence– oligohydraminos, flat facies, limb deformities, pulmonary hypoplasia

57
Q

What are waves a, c, x, v, and y in jugular venous tracing?

A 
A = atrial contraction (absent in Afib)
C = Tricuspid bulge
X (downward slope) = atrial relaxation
V = venous filling
Y = atrial emptying
58
Q

What are causes of constrictive pericarditis?

A

TB, radiotherapy, cardiac surgery

59
Q

Clinical features of constrictive pericarditis?

A

progressive dyspnea, peripheral edema, ascites

60
Q

Which cholesterol med increases risk of gallstones?

A

Gemfibrozil (fibrates)> they lower triglycerides but decrease cholesterol solubility

61
Q

What are the most major risk factors for esophageal adenocarcinoma?

A

GERD** (most important), obesity, smoking, processed meats (nitroso compounds), use of meds that lower LES tone (Nitroglycerin)

62
Q

What is 1st line med for insomnia?

A

Ramelteon (melatonin agonist)

63
Q

Which receptors do NE work on?

A

Stimulate A1 , A2, and B1 receptors
A1 vasoconstricts peripherally, B1 increases HR and contractility and increases Renin release

A1 via Ip3
B1 via increasing cAMP (Gs coupling)
A2 decreases cAMP, preventing peristalsis and insulin release

64
Q

What are second messengers for A1, A2, B1, and B2 receptors?

A

A1 = IP3
A2 = decrease cAMP
B1 and B2 = increase cAMP

65
Q

What underlying disease is associated with Paget’s disease (breast)?

A

DCIS

66
Q

When do primary oocytes arrest? When do they arrest after ovulation?

A

Prophase of meosis I

Metaphase of meosis II

67
Q

Extradermal manifestations of psoriasis?

A

Uveitis, arthritis, nail changes

68
Q

What does heart look like in HOCM? (ventricle size, EF, LV cavity size, relaxation)

A

Large ventricular mass, small LV size, normal EF, impaired relaxation

69
Q

What is the translocation of follicular lymphoma?

A

t14:18. Overexpression of BCL-2 oncogene

70
Q

What is clinical presentation of follicular lymphoma? Histology?

A

Clinical- waxing and waning symptoms, painless lymphadenopathy

Cleaved and uncleaved follicular cells

71
Q

What are panitumuma and cetuximab?

A

Anti-EGFR antibodies (for cancer)

72
Q

What do activating mutations in KRAS gene lead to?

A

Cancer that is resistant to anti-EGFR meds

STEP 1 MIXED (13 decks)

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