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Immunology > Overview of Immunology > Flashcards

Overview of Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic differences between innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Innate immunity works quick and rapid, there is no memory and is not antigen specific
Adaptive immunity takes longer to activate, is antigen specific, develops after exposure, and is more effective

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2
Q

What are the three major components of the innate defense system?

A

barriers of infection, soluble factors, cellular factors

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3
Q

What is the bodies barrier to infection?

A

intact skin and mucous membranes

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4
Q

What are the soluble factors of the innate defense system?

A

complement system, innate defense cytokines, and defensins

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5
Q

What is the complement system?

A

enzyme cascade system that has antimicrobial activity

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6
Q

What is the most important type of innate defense cytokine in the innate defense system?

A

pro-inflammatory cytokines

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7
Q

What are the important pro-inflammatory cytokines that we should remember?

A

Interleukin 1 (IL1), interleukin 6 (IL6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

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8
Q

What are the important cellular factors to the innate defense system?

A

phagocytes and sentinel cells, and innate lymphoid cells

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9
Q

What is the function of sentinel cells?

A

resident tissue cells that detect invasion by recognizing DAMP and PAMPs and sending signals to initiate a response

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10
Q

What are the specific sentinel cells?

A

macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells

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11
Q

What is a DAMP?

A

damage associated molecular patterns: molecules found within mammalian cells and released when the cell is damaged or dies

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12
Q

What is a PAMP?

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns: molecules produced by microorganisms but not mammalian cells

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13
Q

What are the most important innate lymphoid cells?

A

cytokine secreting ILCs and Cytotoxic ILC-NK (natural killer cells)

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14
Q

What are the two major components of the adaptive immune system?

A

Humoral (soluble) and cell-mediated

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15
Q

What are the humoral components of the adaptive immune system?

A

B-cells and antibodies

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16
Q

Why are B-cells important to the adaptive immune system?

A

because they produce antibodies and antibodies provide humoral immunity

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17
Q

What is the general antibody important to the adaptive immune system?

A

Immunoglobulin - Ig

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18
Q

What are the cell-mediated components of the adaptive immune system?

A

CTLs, Th cytokines, and Gamma Delta T cells

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19
Q

Where does an antibody come from?

A

a fully differentiated B cell

20
Q

What are the classes of antibodies?

A

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD

21
Q

What is important about IgM?

A

it is the largest antibody molecule and is the first to respond

22
Q

Where is IgG found and what is it important in?

A

it is found in serum and is important in systemic diseases

23
Q

Where is IgA found?

A

in mucous and mucous membranes

24
Q

Where is IgE found and what is it important in?

A

it is found in mast cells, and is important in allergy and to protect against parasitic infection

25
Q

Where is IgD found and what is it important for?

A

it is on b cell membranes and is a marker of maturation in B-cell development

26
Q

What class of antibodies is not secreted in plasma?

A

IgD

27
Q

What are the two general types of T cells?

A

alpha beta T cells and gamma delta T cells

28
Q

What are the types of alpha beta T cells?

A

CD4 - T helper cells, and CD8 cytotoxic T cells

29
Q

What is the function of T-helper cells?

A

they produce cytokines to regulate innate and adaptive immune mechanisms

30
Q

What are T-helper cells important in?

A

for directing which antibody class is produced and activating cellular responses

31
Q

What is the function of cytotoxic T cells?

A

they attach and kill cells that make foreign proteins

32
Q

What do cytotoxic t cells recognize?

A

MHC 1 molecule

33
Q

What is the function of gamma delta t cells?

A

they are for protection on mucosal surfaces, can kill and secrete cytokines, and are antigen specific

34
Q

What part of the immune response are gamma delta t cells?

A

the adaptive response

35
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Molecules that can stimulate an immune-specific

adaptive response.; anything that can bind to a b-cell or t-cell receptor

36
Q

What is an immunogen?

A

an antigen that induces an immune response; interchangable term with antigen

37
Q

What is an antibody?

A

a molecule that attaches to antigens and is produced by b-cells; what the body produces

38
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

a molecule produced by one microorganism to attack another microorganism

39
Q

How does an antibiotic function?

A

it acts on bacteria to inhibit their growth or kill them

40
Q

What is a cytokine?

A

protein messenger molecules that are produced when sentinel cells sense damage

41
Q

What is complement?

A

20-30 plasma proteins in circulation from the liver that are inactive and when activated are involved in the rapid enzyme cascade system

42
Q

What is the memory response also known as?

A

the anamnestic response

43
Q

When does the memory response occur?

A

on re-exposure to an antigen

44
Q

How is the antibody produced in the memory response different than the first antibody that would have been produced?

A

it is higher in titer, has a higher affinity, and has a shorter lag time

45
Q

How does tolerance work?

A

When antigens are presented during lymphocyte development they are recognized as self and tolerated, when antigens are presented after lymphocyte development they are recognized as foreign and attacked

46
Q

What happens when tolerance breaks down?

A

autoimmune diseases happen

Immunology (22 decks)

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