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Immunology > Immunity to Viruses > Flashcards

Immunity to Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of cell death?

A

necrosis and apoptosis

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2
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death

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3
Q

What is the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis mediated by?

A

receptors

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4
Q

What receptors are involved in the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

A

Fas/FasL and TNF receptor/TNF

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5
Q

What is the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

A

it is a mitochondrial pathway and release of cytochrome C to initiate the caspase cascade

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6
Q

Which type of cell death is characterized by an inflammatory response?

A

necrosis

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7
Q

What type of cell death is organized?

A

apoptosis

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8
Q

What is the difference between what happens to the membrane in apoptosis and necrosis?

A

in apoptosis, the membrane blebs, in necrosis it degrades

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9
Q

What happens to the contents of the cytoplasm in necrosis?

A

the contents are released

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10
Q

What happens to the contents of the cytoplasm in apoptosis?

A

they are phagocytized and digested

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11
Q

What cells are involved in necrosis?

A

macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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12
Q

What cells are involved in apoptosis?

A

NK and CTL cells

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13
Q

What mechanisms do CTLs and NK use to kill target cells?

A

perforin and granzyme pathway, TNF receptor/signal for apoptosis, and Fas/FasL receptor mediated killing

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14
Q

How does the perforin and granzyme pathway work?

A

perforin creates a pore in the target cell, granzymes enteer the target cell and activate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway

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15
Q

How does the TNF receptor/signal activate killing target cells?

A

it is receptor mediated activation of the caspase cascade that leads to apoptosis

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16
Q

How does the Fas/Fas L receptor mediated killing work?

A

Fas/Fas L activates the extrinsic apoptotic pathway

17
Q

What activates a NK cell to kill another cell?

A

absence of normal MHC I, binding to MICA molecules on the cell, antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity

18
Q

If MHC I normally presents itself, why does NK not kill it?

A

because MHC I inhibits the killing effects of NK

19
Q

What are MICA and MICB?

A

stress proteins

20
Q

What does MICA and MICB do?

A

they inhibit the inhibitory power of MHC I which allows NK to kill it

21
Q

How does antibody-dependent cell mediated toxicity work?

A

antibody coats the cell allowing NK to bind to the Fc receptor which then will induce apoptosis via perforin/granzyme

22
Q

What is NK looking for mainly when it is trying to kill?

A

the presentation of MHC I; ‘Present yourself or DIE’

23
Q

What is the timing of NK’s response?

A

rapid response; it is part of innate immunity

24
Q

What does CTL need for it to facilitate its killing abilities?

A

MHC I to present the antigen

25
Q

What is the timing for CTLs response?

A

it is part of adaptive immunity, so upon first encounter it takes from 7-10 days

26
Q

Why would it be beneficial in the case of a viral infection for an organism to have both CTLs and NKs?

A

Because the virus is going to try and hide from the CTL so it will not express it’s MHC I, little does it know that the NK cell looks for lack of MHC I expression and it will kill the virus

27
Q

What are some killing mechanisms of the immune system?

A

apoptosis, oxidative metabolism, defensins, macrophages, MAC, nitric oxide, netosis

28
Q

What are two parts of the innate immune response that are important for protection against viruses?

A

interferons and NK cells

29
Q

What are two parts of the adaptive immune response that are important for protection against viruses?

A

cytotoxic T cells and antibody

30
Q

What are some important functions of antibodies?

A

neutralization, complement fization by classical pathway, antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity

31
Q

What are type I interferons produced by?

A

virally infected cells

32
Q

What is the function of type I interferons?

A

degrade viral RNA, inhibit virion assembly, increase MHC I presentation

33
Q

What is the function of type II interferon (gamma)?

A

they activate macrophages, and release cytokines to tell B cells to make IgG

34
Q

What type of immunity is associated with type II interferon?

A

adaptive immunity

35
Q

What are some important properties of vaccines that would stimulate CTLs?

A

modified live vaccines, iscoms; gotta do something to get the peptides onto MHC I

36
Q

What apoptotic pathway is perforin/granzyme involved in?

A

intrinsic

37
Q

What apoptotic pathway is Fas/FasL part of?

A

extrinsic

38
Q

What apoptotic pathway are stress enzymes part of?

A

intrinsic

Immunology (22 decks)

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