Equine Pelvic Limb- Hip, Thigh, and Stifle

Question 1

tuber coxae muscle attachments

Answer 1

internal abdominal oblique, superficie gluteal, external abdominal oblique, tensor fascialattate

Question 2

ischiatica tuberosity muscle attachments

Answer 2

semitendinosus, semimembranosus, ischiocavernosus, biceps fem

Question 3

greater trochanter muscle attachments

Answer 3

middle gluteal, deep gluteal, accessory gluteals

Question 4

patella muscle attahcments

Answer 4

quads, flabella (gastroc)

Question 5

poplietus tendon associated with

Answer 5

sesamoid

Question 6

lesser trochanter muscle attachments

Answer 6

iliopsoas

Question 7

3rd trochanter muscle attachments

Answer 7

superficial gluteal

Question 8

extensor fossa muscle attachments

Answer 8

this is on lateral side; common tendon fibularis terminus, long digital extensor

Question 9

femur bony landmarks

Answer 9

lesser trochanter, greater trochanter, 3rd trochanter, medial and lateral condyles, extensor fossa, trochlea

Question 10

femoral condyles

Answer 10

ventral to 3rd trochanter

Question 11

extensor fossa

Answer 11

medial to lateral condyle

Question 12

medial and lateral trochlear ridges

Answer 12

on radiograph of stifle lateral view rounded prominences ventral to patella dorsal to tibia; medial appears more dorsal lateral appears more ventral

Question 13

tibial tuberosity

Answer 13

on lat radiograph seen on medial side digit in cranial part of tibia

Question 14

components of equine hip joint

Answer 14

ligament of the head of the femur, joint capsule, supporting musculature (iliopsoas and gluteal muscles), accessory ligament and transverse acetabular ligmanet

Question 15

what makes up the equine hip joint

Answer 15

articulation of the femoral head with the acetabulum of the pelvis

Question 16

main plane of movement of hip joint

Answer 16

flexion and extension

Question 17

what components does the equine hip joint have that the dog does not

Answer 17

accessory ligament and transverse acetabular ligament

Question 18

accessory ligament

Answer 18

arises from thick prepubic tendon and passes dorsal to transverse acetabular ligament to insert on peripheral part of fovea of the femoral head

Question 19

transverse acetabular ligament

Answer 19

arises from fibrous rim that depends the acetabulum

Question 20

clinical correlate of horse hip

Answer 20

horses tend not to dislocate their hips bc musculature stabilizes it; if they do its v hard to reduce it

Question 21

pelvic limb blood supply main pipline

Answer 21

1. external iliac
2. Femoral
   3a. popliteal
   4a. cr tibial
   5a. dorsal metatarsal

or

3b. Saphenous
4b. Medial and lateral plantar and plantar metatarsal arteries

Question 22

femoral nerve

Answer 22

giant nerve, protected by iliopsoas; innervates iliopsoas and quads, needed for weight bearing

Question 23

saphenous nerve

Answer 23

branch off of femoral nerve; provides autonomous innervation to medial crus (don’t really test this in horses unless they are down)

Question 24

obturator nerve

Answer 24

goes through obturator foramen, innervates muscles of adduction

• gracilis
• adductor
• pectineus

Question 25

Sciatic nerve

Answer 25

``` goes medial -> lateral between greater trochanter and ischiatic tuberosity; branches into common fibular and tibial nerves innervates cd thigh muscles - biceps femoris - semitendinosus - semimembranosus ```

Question 26

common fibular nerve

Answer 26

aka common peroneal - splits into superficial and deep branches; provides sensation down D (cr?) aspect of limb innervates cr crus muscles

Question 27

tibial nerve

Answer 27

runs down cd aspect of limb; | innervates cd crus muscles

Question 28

cr gluteal nerve

Answer 28

innervates muscles cr to hip jt - superficial gluteal - deep gluteal - middle gluteal - accessory gluteal

Question 29

cd gluteal nerve

Answer 29

innervate muscles cd to hip jt (cd thigh muscles and superficial gluteal) - superficial gluteal - biceps femoris - semitendinosis - semimembranosus

Question 30

clinical correlates hip

Answer 30

3rd trochanter avulsion fracture | trochanteric bursitis

Question 31

3rd trochanter avulsion fracture

Answer 31

superficial gluteal attaches; can palpate over 3rd trochanter and elicit pain here and may indicate 3rd trochanter avulsion fracture

Question 32

trochanteric bursitis

Answer 32

synovial structure gets inflamed -> synovium reacting, can inject to quite down bursitis but often secondary to stifle or hock pain bc change the way moving -> bursa inflammation

Question 33

tight clinical correlates

Answer 33

femoral nerve damage, fibrotic myopathy, obturator nerve paralysis

Question 34

femoral nerve damage

Answer 34

lack weight bearing behind, buckles behind when walking (can be from EPM), can be from limb being extended in sx

Question 35

fibrotic myopathy

Answer 35

scarring of cd thigh muscle -> mechanical lameness, usually trauma related in horses (cd thigh muscles scarred so lack of give -> limb snapping back); will see line between semitendinosus and biceps from behind

Question 36

fibrotic myopathy treatments

Answer 36

cut scar snapping back tissue to release tension

Question 37

obturator nerve paralysis

Answer 37

can't adduct so splay out; horses do this on ice, if snap this lose adductor fx; can damage this in dystcia

Question 38

equine stifle menisci

Answer 38

medial and lateral

Question 39

equine stifle ligaments

Answer 39

- patellar ligaments (medial, lateral, intermediate) - collateral ligaments - meniscofemoral ligament - femoropatellar ligaments - cr and cd cruciate ligmanets' - others

Question 40

meniscofemoral ligament

Answer 40

connects medial menisci to femur

Question 41

femoropatellar ligaments

Answer 41

on either side between patella and femur, helps keep patella on sledding surface

Question 42

sesamoids of equine stifle

Answer 42

patealla, fabellae, popliteal

Question 43

what permits horse to lock its stifle

Answer 43

patellar ligaments (medial, intermediate or middle and lateral), patellar fibrocartilage, and an enlarged medial trochlear ridge of femur

Question 44

how does patella lock

Answer 44

when patella is in the locked position the patellar fibrocartilage catches over the top of the enlarged medial trochlear ridge and is held in place by the medial and intermediate (middle) patellar ligaments

Question 45

clinical correlate of patellar locking mechanism

Answer 45

can do desmotomy of medial patellar ligament but 1st do hill work, vataletti poles, trot poles to build up quads or blister

Question 46

joint capsules associated with the equine stifle

Answer 46

medial and lateral femorotibial and femoropatellar joints

Question 47

femoropatella joint

Answer 47

between femur and patella | cranial and lateral access

Question 48

cranial access femoropatelllar joint

Answer 48

between intermediate and medial patellar ligaments

Question 49

lateral access femoropatellar joint

Answer 49

just behind cd edge palpable lateral patellar ligament

Question 50

medial femorotibial joint access

Answer 50

between medial patellar ligament and medial collateral ligament

Question 51

lateral femorotibial joint access

Answer 51

entry slightly cd to lateral collateral ligament or between lateral collateral ligament and common origin of long digital extensor muscle/ fibularis tertius

Question 52

lateral femorotibial joint extent

Answer 52

distally down limb under muscle belly on lat side

Question 53

communications between joint capsules

Answer 53

- femoropatellar and medial femorotibial (65%) - femoropateallar and lateral femorotibial (25%) - medial and lateral femorotibial rarely

Question 54

common tendon of fibularis tertius and long digital extensor

Answer 54

arises from extensor fossa of distal femur and the menisci

Question 55

biceps femoris function

Answer 55

hip extensor, stifle flexion, stifle extension, tarsal extension

Question 56

semitendinosus function

Answer 56

hip extensor, stifle flexion, tarsal extension

Question 57

semimembranosis function

Answer 57

hip extensor, stifle flexion (1st muscle belly= flexor= attaches to cd aspect proximal end of tibia crossing flexor surface), stifle extension (2nd muscle belly= attaches to distal and medial surface of femur via tendon)

Question 58

biceps femoris

Answer 58

``` proximal attachments: - cd vertebrea, sacral vertebrea, sacrosciatic ligmaent, ischiatic tuberosity distal attachments: - patella, patellar ligaments (lateral and medial) -cr tibia and crural fascia - contributes to calcanea tendon innervation -sciatic nerve and cd gluteal nerve ```

Question 59

semitendinosus

Answer 59

``` proximal attachments- - cd vertebrea, sacral vertebrea, sacrosciatic ligament, ischiatic tuberosity distal attachments- - cr tibia and crural fascia - contributes to calcanea tendon innervation - sciatic nerve and cd gluteal nerve ```

Question 60

semimembranosus

Answer 60

``` Proximal attachments- - cd vertebrea, sacral vertebrea, sacrosciatic ligament, ischiatic tuberosity distal attachments- - medial condyles of femur and tibia innervation- - sciatic nerve and cd gluteal nerve ```