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Equine Anatomy > Equine Neck > Flashcards

Equine Neck Flashcards

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1
Q

What structures are palpable in neck of horse

A
  1. Point of shoulder
  2. Scapular spine
  3. Scapular cartilage
  4. Withers
  5. Trachea
  6. Manubrium
  7. Crest of Neck
  8. Angle of mandible
  9. Poll
  10. Thyroid gland
  11. Cervical vertebrae (wing of atlas palpable)
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2
Q

suprascapular nerve horse

A

prone to injury because horses lack acromion leaving it more exposed and more likely to be injured

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3
Q

where do you palpate point of shoulder

A

cr division greater tubercle of the humerus

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4
Q

where do you palpate scapular cartilage

A

btwn spine of scapula and withers

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5
Q

What are the withers

A

correspond to spinous processes T2-T8

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6
Q

Where is trachea located/ palpable

A

ventral in neck

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7
Q

what is manubrium

A

cr most aspect of sternum

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8
Q

where is crest of the neck located

A

dorsal to vertebra, contains fat

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9
Q

where is the thyroid gland located

A

proximal 1/3 of neck cd to larynx and dorsolateral to trachea, moveable, bilobed

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10
Q

AO joint

A

located between atlas and skull; CSF tap uses AO jt by flexing head toward limb to access it, usually go in C1 or C2

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11
Q

pectoral grooves

A

lateral and median pectoral grooves

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12
Q

Median pectoral groove boundaries

A

descending component of superficial pectoral muscles bilaterally

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13
Q

Median pectoral groove clinical significance

A

Manubrium is palpable at proximal most aspect of groove, can use to find sternum for bone marrow aspiration

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14
Q

Lateral pectoral groove boundaries

A

medial- deciding component of superficial pectoral muscle

lateral- brachiocephalicus (cleidomastoideus)

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15
Q

What lies in lateral pectoral groove

A
  1. Cephalic vein

2. Branch of superficial cervical artery

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16
Q

Clinical application pectoral grooves

A

avoid vessels in lateral pectoral groove when using pecs for IM shots; hold thumb in median groove and index finger in lateral groove and give shot in middle

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17
Q

Location of dorsal branch accessory nerve

A

runs between omotransversarius (dorsal border) and trapezius

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18
Q

dorsal branch accessory nerve innervates

A

provides motor innervation to trapezius and splenius

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19
Q

location ventral branch accessory nerve

A

runs deep to wing of atlas and converges with ventral branch C1

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20
Q

ventral branch accessory nerve innervates

A

provides motor innervation to sternocephalicus and brachiocephalicus (cleidomastoideus)

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21
Q

general path of accessory nerve

A

exists skull via tympanooccupital fissure; dorsal and ventral branch diverge close to C1

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22
Q

draw and label basic spinal nerve

A

DR -> DRG -> SN -> DB -> medial branch DB or lateral branch DB
VR -> SN -> VB
SN -> CB

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23
Q

medial branch of DB

A

Dorsal cutaneous branch in cervical region

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24
Q

lateral branch of DB

A

dorsal cutaneous branch in thoracic and lumbar regions

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25
boundaries of virbog's triangle
1. Tendon of sternocephalicus 2. Ramus of mandible 3. Linguofacial vein
26
Boundaries of jugular groove
Dorsal: brachiocephalicus (cleidomastoideus) ventral: sternocephalicus Medial: cr 1/3 neck bounded by omohyoideus Lateral: Cd 2/3 of neck cutaneous coli
27
Clinical significance omohyoideus and jugular groove
separates ext jug from deeper carotid sheath -> lower chance IV medication going into artery so give IV shots in cr 1/3 neck in horses
28
clinical significance of cutaneous coli
can make it hard to raise jugular vein if muscle is contracted
29
Carotid sheath formed by
deep cervical fascia
30
boundaries of carotid sheath
1. Deep to omohyoideus cr 1/3 of neck 2. lateral to deep fascia of esophagus 3. Bounded ventrally by trachea? 4. bounded dorsally by longs Colli and scalenus?
31
Contents of carotid sheath
1. Common carotid artery 2. Vagosympathetic trunk 3. Tracheal duct 4. +/- recurrent laryngeal nerve 5. +/- internal jug
32
Components of nuchal ligament
Funicular and lamellar portion
33
Lamellar portion nuchal ligament
attached to cervical vertebrea; elastic fibers allow head to lower for grazing and raise with lower energy expendature
34
Funicular portion of nuchal ligament
double cord of CT running dorsally; starts at external occipital protuberance and runs to withers caudally and continues as supraspinous ligament
35
Bursae
synovial surface where ligament runs over bone, can become inflamed and infected
36
nuchal bursae
formed dorsal to C1, C2, and T2/T3 to minimize pressure as funicular portion of nuchal ligament passes over bony prominences Cr nuchal bursae, Cd nuchal bursae, supraspinous bursae
37
cr nuchal bursae
between nuchal ligament and C1
38
cd nuchal bursae
between nuchal ligament and C2
39
supraspinous bursae
over withers (T2-T3)
40
Dorsoscapular ligament location
arises from supraspinous ligament over withers and inserts on medial aspect of scapula along with serratus ventralis
41
dorsoscapular ligament function
shock absorber when hoof hits the ground, limits dorsal shift of scapula
42
Major lymph nodes found in neck and associated with thorax
Superficial cervical lymph nodes and deep cervical lymph nodes (cranial deep cervical lymph nodes, middle cervical lymph nodes, and caudal cervical lymph nodes)
43
Superficial cervical lymph nodes location
1. cr aspect of scapula along cr edge of subclavius 2. deep to omotransversarius and brachiocephalicus 3. superficial to omohyoideus
44
superficial cervical lymph nodes filter lymph from
neck, thorax, shoulder, arm
45
superficial cervical lymph nodes send efferents to
cd deep cervical LNs
46
Cd deep cervical LN location
base of thoracic inlet
47
structures nearby superficial cervical LNs
branch of superficial cervical artery is in close association
48
components deep cervical LNs
cranial, middle, caudal
49
Cr deep cervical LN location
between common carotid artery and thyroid gland
50
cr deep cervical LNs receive lymph from
mandibular and retropharyngeal LNs of head
51
cr deep cervical LNs send efferents to
middle deep cervical LNs then to cd deep cervical LNs
52
structures nearby cd deep cervical LNs
superficial cervical LNs and cr mediastinal LNs
53
course of the esophagus in neck
esophagus dorsal to trachea in cr portion of neck then moves to L of trachea
54
esophagus enclosed in
envelope of deep fascia
55
wall of esophagus
2 layers of striated muscle and tough longitudinally folded mucosa, striated muscle ends at base of heart
56
how can infection in deep cervical fascia affect other areas of body
deep cervical fascia is continuous with end-thoracic fascia so if an infection in deep cervical fascia spreads then I t can be spread to thorax where it is harder to control
57
Palpable LNs in horses
Mandibular?
58
superficial neck muscles
splenius, trapezius, omotransversarius, brachiocephalicus, sternocephalicus, serratus ventralis, omohyoideus
59
deep neck muscles
serratus ventralis, rhomboideus, subclavius, scalenus, omohyoideus, expaxials (longissmus, semispinalis capitus), Longus muscles (longus coli, longus capitus)
60
Explain branching basic spinal nerve
DR and VR converge forming SN which diverges into DB and VB; DB splits into lateral and medial branches
61
Cervical region spinal nerve
Dorsal cutaneous branch splits from medial branch; VB -> ventral cutaneous branch
62
Thoracic region spinal nerve
dorsal cutaneous branch from lateral branch; ventral branch splits into lateral and ventral cutaneous branches
63
lumbar region spinal nerve
dorsal cutaneous branch from lateral branch; ventral branch splits into lateral and ventral cutaneous branches
64
General path of spinal nerves C1-C5
In cervical region medial branch of DB gives off dorsal cutaneous branches (sensory to dorsolateral neck); lateral branches of DB = motor muscles of neck and give off some cutaneous branches
65
brachial plexsus
ventral branches C6-T2
66
phrenic nerve
ventral branches C5,C6,C7
67
prescapular branch superficial cervical artery
passes dorsally through superficial cervical LNs
68
short superficial cervical artery
passes cranially from subclavian as subclavian winds around 1st rib
69
cephalic vein location
in groove between descending pectoral and brachiocephalicus (aka lateral pectoral groove)

Equine Anatomy (14 decks)

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