Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PATHOphys Exam 2 > Cardiac 3 Shea > Flashcards

Cardiac 3 Shea Flashcards

1
Q
  • Rare, but when they occur can result in serious problems
  • Usually benign and are pedunculated (have a stalk for easy removal from wall of LA or wall of valve)
A

Primary Cardiac Tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 3 types of cardiac tumors and which age groups are they most common in?

A
  • Cardiac Myxomas (adults)
  • Rhabdomyomas (Kids)
  • Metastatic Tumors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The most common primary tumor (35 - 50%)

A

Cardiac Myxomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • Most Cardiac Myxomas arise from where?
  • What %?
A
  • Left Atrium (75%)
  • But, can occur in any chamber of heart or on a valve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  • Glistening, gelatinous, polypoid mass (5 - 6cm)
  • Short stalk
  • Sometimes is sufficiently mobile, obstructing the mitral valve orifice (moves up and down causing conduction issue)
  • What allows the motion to occur?
A
  • Cardiac Myxomas
  • Stalk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Over 1/2 of patients w/ myxomas of the LA have clinical evidence of what?

A

Mitral Valve Dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

1/3 of patients w/ cardiac myxomas of the LA or LV die from what?

A

Embolization of tumor to the brain

(piece breaks off bc/ it is so soft)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the surgical success rate of cardiac myxomas.

A

Surgical removal is successful in most cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The most common primary cardiac tumor in infants and children

A

Rhabdomyomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Forms nodular masses in the myocardium

A

Rhabdomyomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Almost all rhabdomyomas are multiple and involve which 2 heart chambers?

A

Left and Right Ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

1/3 of cases of rhabdomyomas occur where?

A

Atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  • In 1/2 of cases, the tumor mass projects into the cardiac chamber
  • Grossly, are pale gray masses up to several cm
A

Rhabdomyomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which 3 types of cancer metastasize to the heart most often?

A
  • lung cancer
  • breast cancer
  • GI tract cancers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which 3 other cancers can metastasize to the heart, but less often than the other 3?

A
  • Lymphomas
  • Leukemias
  • Malignant Melanomas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Metastatic cancers of the myocardium can result in manifestations of ____.

A

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the #1 cause of sudden cardiac death?

A

Cardiac Arryhthmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What % of patients do not survive their first MI?

A

25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Atherosclerosis of the coronaries which presents as myocardial ischemia owing to a slowly progressive narrowing by atherosclerosis or a sudden occlusion due to a thrombus

A

Coronary Artery Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Chronic progressive ischemia of Coronary Artery Disease results in hypoperfusion of the myocardium and slowly evolving _____.

A

Pump failure (CHF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Acute coronary thrombosis is more common where?

A

Arteries already narrowed by atherosclerosis

22
Q

What are the main killers?

  • 1 A:
  • 1 B:
  • 2:
A
  • 1 A: CAD (coronary artery disease)
  • 1 B: Stroke
  • 2: Cancer
23
Q

Complete blockage of LAD

A

Widow Maker

24
Q

The heart and the brain have what type of circulation?

A

Collateral Circulation

25
Q

What does the sudden occlusion of a major coronary artery cause and does location of occusion differ?

A

Yes, MI

26
Q

An anterior wall infarct is typically caused by occlusion of which vessel?

A

Left Anterior Descending coronary artery (LAD)

27
Q

An infarct of the lateral wall of the left ventricle is usually caused by occlusion of which vessel?

A

Left Circumflex coronary artery

28
Q

An infarct of the right ventricle and posterior wall of the left ventricle is usually caused by occlusion of which vessel?

A

Right Coronary Artery

29
Q

Where do most occlusions of the heart occur?

1.

2.

3.

A
  1. LAD (over 50%)
  2. RCA (30 - 40%)
  3. Left Circumflex Artery (10 - 20%)
30
Q

What are the 2 types of MIs and which is worst?

A
  • Transmural (infarction that involves full thickness of myocardium -Epicardium/Myocardium/Endocardium) = WORST
  • Subendocardial Infarction (better bc/ only involves inner 1/2 of heart)
31
Q

Pathology of CAD

  • The coronaries involved by atherosclerosis are transformed into rigid, heavily calcified cylinders that can be palpated beneath the ____.
A

Epicardium

32
Q

Pathology of CAD

  • On cross section, the lumina are narrowed due to the prominent fibrotic plaques and atheromas. The wall contains deposits of which 2 things?
A
  • Calcium salts
  • Cholesterol clefts
33
Q
  • Rapid, sudden occlusion of a coronary artery
  • 80 - 90% of transmural infarcts are caused by what?
A

MI

  • thrombosis of a coronary artery
34
Q

Apart from thrombosis of a coronary artery, what are 2 other causes of a transmural infarct?

A
  • Ulceration of an embolized atherosclerotic plaque
  • Prolonged vasospasm
35
Q

What is the cause of sudden cardiac death?

What % die from MI?

What % survive after MI?

A
  • In 25% of cases = death
  • 75% survive
  • Most cases: major cardiac arrhythmias (V. fib)

or

  • complete heart block
  • pump failure
36
Q

Among the 75% of patients who survive the onset of an MI, most develop signs of which 2 things?

A
  • HF
  • Cardiogenic Shock
37
Q

Of the 75% who survive MI, what develops as a result of inadequate perfusion of tissue by blood from the failing heart?

A

Multisystemic major organ failure

38
Q

What is the most dangerous result of an MI?

A

Consequences of cerebral ischemia. May lead to:

  • Permanent mental injury
  • Loss of CNS functions
39
Q

What 2 organs are we most concerned about keeping perfused w/ an MI?

A
  • Kidneys (or else they will go into Acute Tubular Necrosis *ATN* which is reversible if the heart tissue is taken care of) Otherwise, pt will go anuric/anuresis which means the patient cannot pass urine
  • Brain, have pt take anticoagulants to dissolve baby clots so they don’t go to brain
40
Q

What is the gold standard test?

A

Troponin

41
Q
  • How long can the kidneys take until they reach ATN (acute tubular necrosis)?
  • How long can the brain last as ischemic?
A
  • 20 mins
  • minutes, then more minutes = death
42
Q
A
43
Q

A transmural MI usually involves which parts of the heart?

A
  • Free wall of LV

And/Or

  • Interventricular septum
44
Q

A subendocardial or intramural MI is usually located where?

A

Usually concentric around the subendocardial layer of the LV

45
Q

How much blood in the pericardial sac will cause heart to stop?

A

350 - 375 CCs

46
Q

If a pt has a transmural MI, they are more at risk for which 3 things?

A
  • LV rupture
  • Aneurysm of ventricle
  • Mural thrombi which can embolize
47
Q

Heart disease resulting from a primary abnormality in the myocardium (myocytes)

A

Cardiomyopathy

48
Q

In response to injury, if a heart has cardiomyopathy, which 2 things will it undergo?

A
  • Dilatation
  • Hypertrophy
49
Q

Cardiomyopathy:

Long standing pressure changes results in ____.

Long standing volume changes results in ____.

A
  • Hypertrophy
  • Dilation
50
Q
  • What are the 3 types of cardiomyopathies?
  • Which is most common?
A
  • Dilated is #1
  • Hypertrophic
  • Restrictive

Usually a combination of Dilated and Hypertrophic

51
Q

Which side of the heart is involved w/ cardiomypathy?

A

Left, right side is NOT involved

52
Q
A

PATHOphys Exam 2 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions