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pathophysiology > bacterial stds > Flashcards

bacterial stds Flashcards

1
Q

what causes chlamydia

A

chlamydia trachomatis

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2
Q

what causes trachoma

A

chlamydia trachomatis

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3
Q

what causes Gonorrhea

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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4
Q

what causes Syphilis

A

Treponema pallidum

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5
Q

gram stain Chlamydia trachomatis

A

negative, no peptidoglycan

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6
Q

gram stain Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

negative

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7
Q

gram stain Treponema pallidum

A

negative, no LPS

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8
Q

size Chlamydia trachomatis

A

.3 micrometers

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9
Q

size Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

.6-1.0 micrometers

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10
Q

size Treponema pallidum

A

5-15 micrometers

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11
Q

morphology Chlamydia trachomatis

A

coccoid

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12
Q

coccoid

A

elongated sphere

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13
Q

morphology Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

diplococci

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14
Q

diplococci

A

two spheres

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15
Q

morphology Treponema pallidum

A

spirochete

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16
Q

spirochete

A

spiral

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17
Q

what is the most common STD

A

C. trachomatis (chlamydia)

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18
Q

how many reported cases of chlamydia reported daily

A

100 million +

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19
Q

how many US cases of chlamydia in 2015

A

1.5 million

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20
Q

why does chlamydia spread so easily …..

A

75% of infected females
50% of infected men
are……ASYMPTOMATIC BUT CONTAGIOUS

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21
Q

why is c. trachomatis an interesting species

A

gram-negative ISH

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22
Q

why is C. trachomatis gram-negative ISH

A

no peptidoglycan at all

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23
Q

why does it mean if there is no peptidoglycan at all in C. trachomatis

A

peptidoglycan-targeting antibiotics will not work

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24
Q

how many serotypes of chlamydia exist

A

at least 15

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25
Q

what does it mean if chlamydia has many serotypes

A

you can get it over and over again

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26
Q

C. trachomatis can be described as an

A

obligate intracellular parasite

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27
Q

why is C. trachomatis an obligate intracellular parasite

A

it can only grow inside human cells because it cannot produce its own ATP

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28
Q

what does C. trachomatis usually target

A

epithelial cells in the urinary tract or conjunctiva

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29
Q

conjunctiva

A

inner surface of eyelids

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30
Q

in infants, when inhaled, C. trachomatis can cause

A

pneumonia

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31
Q

does C. trachomatis invade WBCs

A

no

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32
Q

two forms C. trachomatis comes in

A
  • reticulate body

- elementary body

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33
Q

reticulate body C. trachomatis

A

larger, less dense, divides quickly

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34
Q

elementary body C. trachomatis

A

small and dense, acts like an exposure

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35
Q

elementary bodies of C. trachomatis are very very

A

very hardy, very small

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36
Q

smallest elementary body of C. trachomatis

A

(small as .25 micrometers)

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37
Q

like exospores, elementary body of C. trachomatis can

A
  • survive harsh external conditions

- form back into a reticulate body after invading cell

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38
Q

in females, C. trachomatis infections begin

A

in the cervix, cause

  • pain
  • fever
  • abnormal menstruation
  • discharge
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39
Q

if C. trachomatis goes untreated, (in females)

A

can spread, move far up the reproductive tract and cause inflammation

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40
Q

in what percentage of cases do C. trachomatis in females do they move very far up the reproductive tract and cause inflammation

A

40 % of cases

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41
Q

when C. trachomatis bacteria moves up the reproductive tract and causes inflammation it is called

A

PID

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42
Q

PID

A

pelvic inflammatory disease

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43
Q

symptoms of PID vary from

A

none to severe

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44
Q

women with extensive PID can develop

A
  • infertility (20%)

- high risk of ectopic pregnancy for life (9%)

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45
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

when a fertilized zygote implants in the fallopian tube instead of the uterus and starts growing there

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46
Q

leading cause of maternal death in pregnancy

A

ectopic pregnancy

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47
Q

in most cases of chlamydia in men&raquo_space;>.

A

in infects the urethra

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48
Q

if chlamydia in men goes untreated…. it can

A

spread to the testes, leading to inflammation

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49
Q

if chlamydia in men spreads to the testes it can cause

A
  • random discharge
  • cloudy or painful urination
  • epididymitis
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50
Q

epididymitis in men is

A

inflammation of the epididymis, causes sperm damage RARELY»> infertility

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51
Q

why are men better at spreading chlamydia

A

it attaches to sperm, C. trachomatis is aflagellate

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52
Q

rates of chlamydia are higher

A

much higher in women than men

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53
Q

chlamydia infection in conjunctiva can be caused when

A

C. trachomatis travels from the reproductive tract to eye, or eye to eye

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54
Q

result of C. trachomatis in the eye

A

swelling of the eyelid called trachoma

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55
Q

trachoma from C. trachomatis slowly

A

scratches the cornea of the eye

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56
Q

trachoma and it scratching the cornea leads to

A
  • permanent vision problems

- sometimes blindness

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57
Q

tracho is the number 1

A

number 1 cause of blindness in the world

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58
Q

trachoma is estimated to be responsible for how many cases of blindness worlwide

A

1.3 million and 8 million

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59
Q

when does WHO hope to eradicate trachoma

A

by 2020

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60
Q

life cycle

A

EB attaches, enters» becomes RB»> binary fission»» reorganize to EBs, lysis and release of EBs» Attachment

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61
Q

gonorrhea is commonly called

A
  • the clap

- sometimes gonorrhoea

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62
Q

gonorrhea is caused by

A

N. gonorrhoeae

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63
Q

Gonorrhea is a close second for

A

most common STD in the world, still 100 million + cases a year

64
Q

Gonorrhea in USA,

A

less common , 400,000 cases a year

65
Q

is gonorrhea spread easily

A

YES

66
Q

how many females infected with gonorrhea are asymptomatic

A

80% asymptomatic

67
Q

how many males infected with gonorrhea are asymptomatic

A

10% asymptomatic

68
Q

what are N. gonorrhoeae’s main for the immune system

A

their pili

69
Q

… N. gonorrhoeae have how many different pili observed indifferent serotypes

A

over 1 million

70
Q

since N. gonorrhoeae have many pili observed in different serotypes

A

you can get reinfected a LOT

71
Q

infection of N. gonorrhoeae is often called

A

gonococcal infection

72
Q

N. gonorrhoeae bacteria are what type of pathogens

A

facultative intracellular pathogens

73
Q

facultative intracellular pathogens are

A

like living inside host epithelial cells, but can survive outside as well

74
Q

does N. gonorrhoeae invade WBCs

A

no (…maybe sometimes)

75
Q

in the first step of invasion, N. gonorrhoeae uses

A

type IV fimbriae to pull bacteria towards epithelial cells

76
Q

N. gonorrhoeae use type IV fimbriae to pull bacteria towards epithelial cells in the

A
  • reproductive tract
  • rectum
  • eyes
  • parts of pharynx
77
Q

in the first step of invasion, N. gonorrhoeae uses _______ to stop

A

uses proteases and mucinases to stop mucus along the cells from breaking them down

78
Q

once N. gonorrhoeae arrive at epithelial cells

A

use endocytosis to pass into epithelial cells

79
Q

once N. gonorrhoeae enters the epithelial cells, some bacteria

A
  • lie dormant and grow

- or pass through the bottom of the epithelial cell deeper into the body

80
Q

what comes to kill N. gonorrhoeae

A

neutrophils, nut most are repelled

81
Q

because neutrophils aren’t working….to kill N gonorrhoeae

A

the body send more to an area, resulting in lots of pus

82
Q

LPS in gonorrhea

A

also causes inflammation

83
Q

N. gonorrhoeae infections very closely

A

resemble C. trachomatis infections

84
Q

symptoms of N. gonorrhoeae and chlamydia (women)

A

are the same, both can cause PID if travel to far in reproductive system

85
Q

PID from both Gonorrhea and chlamydia

A

can lead to infertility or ectopic pregnancy

86
Q

one big difference of symptoms of gonorrhea and chlamydia

A

how fast it is

87
Q

gonorrhea onsets within how many days of sex

A

2-5 DAYS

88
Q

chlamydia infections onsts within how long after sex

A

1-3 WEEKS

89
Q

how to tell chlamydia and gonorrhea apart

A

swap then culture

90
Q

gonorrhea and chlamydia pathologies in males

A

nearly the same , gonorrhea onsets faster

91
Q

gonorrhea symptoms in males

A

almost always shows them

92
Q

most notable symptoms of gonorrhea in males

A

discharge of a mixture of mucus and pus

93
Q

because of its symptoms, gonorrhea in men almost always gets

A

treated before it moves deeper in the tract

94
Q

if gonorrhea in men moves further in the tract

A

can also cause epididymitis

95
Q

very important (gonorrhea?) to distinguish

A

epididymitis from testicular torsion

96
Q

testicular torsion

A

a twisting of the testes leading to immediate ischemia and necrosis thereafte

97
Q

ischemia

A

not enough blood to tissues

98
Q

testicular torsion

A

similar symptoms, but is considered a medical emergency

99
Q

testicular torsion is NOT

A

not bacterial

100
Q

N. gonorrhea in the eye

A
  • symptoms are less severe than chlamydia

- pink eye

101
Q

Gonorrhea that enters the bloodstream

A

latches onto joints and causes gonococcal arthritis

102
Q

gonococcal arthritis

A

most common type in juveniles and young adults,

in 5-10% of gonorrhea infections

103
Q

gonococcal arthritis symptoms

A

include pain and swelling, usually subside once treated w/ antibiotics

104
Q

gonococcal arthritis may require

A

drainage

105
Q

Treponema

A

genus of disease causing bacteria many species

106
Q

most significant species of Treponema

A

Treponema pallidum

107
Q

Treponema pallidum can be broken

A

into 4 subspecies

108
Q

what subspecies of Treponema pallidum causes syphilis

A

T. pallidum, subspecies pallidum

109
Q

other Treponema pallidum subsidies cause

A

rare skin diseases

110
Q

Treponema bacteria are gram and shapes

A

gram-negative (ish)spirochetes, spiral shaped

111
Q

Treponema bacteria are gram-negative ish because

A

they do not have LPS like others

112
Q

T. pallidum cannot be cultured , no obvious

A

without human cells, no obvious virulence factors

113
Q

four stages of syphilis

A
  • primary
  • secondary
  • latent
  • tertiary
114
Q

which stages of syphilis are contagious

A

primary, secondary, tertiary

115
Q

primary syphilis

A

3-5 days after expsosure

116
Q

secondary syphilis

A

6-24 weeks after exposure

117
Q

latent syphilis

A

no outward symptoms for 1-45 years

118
Q

tertiary syphilis

A

Rarely progresses this far

119
Q

tertiary syphilis is less than what % of cases

A

less than 30% and only when it goes untreated w/antibiotics)

120
Q

only symptoms primary syphilis

A

formation of a chancre or multiple chancres

121
Q

chancre (syphilis)

A

painless wart-like lesions where the bacteria are burrowed inside

122
Q

where do chancres occur» ON THE

A

ON THE

  • penis
  • vagina
  • anus
123
Q

where do chancres occur INSIDE THE `

A

INSIDE THE

  • mouth
  • cervix
  • anus
124
Q

chancres are EXTREMELY

A

extremely contagious

125
Q

chancres usually subside

A

within 2 months

126
Q

secondary syphilis comes from when the

A

bacteria enter the blood stream

127
Q

when T. pallidum, subspecies pallidum enters the bloodstream

A

attach throughout the body and cause a variety of symptoms

128
Q

secondary syphilis is difficult to

A

tricky to diagnose because the symptoms are so varied and widespread

129
Q

syphilis is often called

A

the great imitator

130
Q

in latent syphilis the body slowly

A

develops more and more B- and T- cells to fight off T. pallidum

131
Q

eventually, in latent syphillis, the B cells and T cells are

A

ble to keep the infection at bay.

132
Q

during latent syphilis, since the infection has

A

has spread to practically all body structures, it is still present in the body but dormant

133
Q

during latent syphilis, each time the infection “breaks ou”

A

typically tackled quickly and no symptoms develop

134
Q

why is the latent stage of syphilis latent

A

body has the infection under control (although not cleared).

135
Q

many cases of latent stage syphilis

A

do not progress

136
Q

people in latent syphilis

A

not contagious

137
Q

what usually causes a persons immune system to weaken when they have syphilis

A

aging or HIV

138
Q

if a persons immune system with latent syphilis weakens

A

progress into tertiary syphilis

139
Q

tertiary syphilis usually presents as

A

gummata

140
Q

singular gummata

A

gumma

141
Q

what are gummata

A

type of ineffective granuloma formed by the immune system

142
Q

in the tertiary stage, gummata can form almost

A

almost anywhere in the body

-depends on where the bacteria are replicating

143
Q

gummata are VERY

A

very contagious

144
Q

tertiary syphilis often damages the

A

walls of blood vessels, causing aneurysm and eventually hemorrhage

145
Q

aneurysm

A

weakening of vessel

146
Q

hemorrhage

A

rupture of vessel

147
Q

tertiary stage syphilis can damage blood vessels running to

A

the brain or other organs

148
Q

if tertiary syphilis damages blood vessels running to the brain

A

impaired mental function

149
Q

if tertiary syphilis damages blood vessels running to other organs

A

causes organ necrosis

150
Q

most sever and common form of damage to walls from tertiary stage syphilis

A

damage of the wall of the aorta, causes aortic swelling

151
Q

if tertiary syphilis damages of the wall of the aorta, causes aortic swelling

A

eventually lead to aortic rupture

152
Q

tertiary syphilis can cause the aorta to

A

SWELL

153
Q

chladmydia , gonorrhea , syphilis are treated by

A

antibiotics, becoming resistant :(

154
Q

what is T. pallidum becoming resistant to

A

azithromycin

155
Q

what is gonorrhea becoming resistant to

A

cipro

156
Q

chlamydia is becoming resistant to

A

multiple drugs

pathophysiology (24 decks)

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