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Finals PACES > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Parotid gland Travels

A

Through masseter and pierces bucinnator to end at stenson’s duct at level of 2nd molar

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2
Q

Nerves that lie anterior to parotid

A

Facial - the zebra buggered my car
(temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical)

Auriculotemporal nerve (branch of V3)

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3
Q

Vessels that lie anterior to parotid

A

External Carotid Artery

Retromandibular Vein

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4
Q

Innervation of parotid

A 
Parasympathetic = watery, copious saliva
Sympathetic = enzyme rich saliva
Sensory = greater auricular nerve

Drains into Deep cervical lymph nodes

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5
Q

Reflex aid

A 
S1-2 = ankle
L3-4 = knee
C5-6 = biceps
C7-8 = triceps
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6
Q

Attachments of triceps

A

Long head = infraglenoid tubercle
Medial and lateral head = M and L of radial groove
Insert to olecranon process of ulna

NB between M & L lies radial nerve and profundii brachii

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7
Q

Complications from surgery: Posterior Triangle Lymph Node Biopsy

A

Accessory nerve

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8
Q

Complications from surgery: Lloyd Davies Stirrups

A

Common peroneal nerve

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9
Q

Complications from surgery: Thyroidectomy

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve / superior laryngeal nerve

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10
Q

Complications from surgery: Anterior resection of rectum

A

Hypogastric nerve

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11
Q

Complications from surgery: Axillary Node Clearance

A

Thoracodorsal nerve, Long Thoracic nerve, Intercostobrachial nerve

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12
Q

Complications from surgery: Inguinal hernia

A

Ilioinguinal nerve

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13
Q

Complications from surgery: Varicose vein

A

Saphenous (medial) and sural (lateral)

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14
Q

Complications from surgery: Posterior approach to hip surgery

A

Sciatic nerve

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15
Q

Complications from surgery: Carotid Endarterectomy

A

Hypoglossal nerve
Greater auricular nerve
Superior laryngeal nerve

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16
Q

Likelihood ratio positive test

A

Sensitivity / (1-specificity)

Not dependent on prevalence

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17
Q

Likelihood ratio negative test

A

(1-sensitivity) / specificity

Not dependent on prevalence

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18
Q

Trastuzumab (Herceptin)

A

Breast cancer
HER receptor

Cardiotoxic

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19
Q

Bevacizumab

A

Colorectal, renal and glioblastoma

anti-VEGF

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20
Q

Imatinib

A

GIST, CML

Tyrosine Kinase i

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21
Q

Basilisk

A

Renal transplant

IL2

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22
Q

Cetoximab

A

EGFR +ve colorectal cancer

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23
Q

Interossei

A

Innervated by ulnar nerve

3 palmar (3 peat)
4 dorsal (4D)
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24
Q

Lumbricals

A

1, 2 median

3, 4 ulnar

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25
Q

LOAF muscles (median nerve)

A

Lateral 2 lumbricals
Opponens pollicis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis (+longus)

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26
Q

Froment’s sign

A

Adductor pollicis test (ulnar nerve lesion)

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27
Q

Anterior compartment of thigh

A

Nerve: femoral

Artery: femoral

Muscles: quadratus femoris, vastus M + I + L, sartorius, iliacus

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28
Q

Adductor compartment of thigh

A

Nerve: Obturator

Artery: profunda femoris + obturator

Muscles: adductors, gracilis, obturator externa

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29
Q

Posterior compartment of thigh

A

Nerve: Sciatic

Artery: Profunda femoris

Muscles: semitendonis, semimembranous, biceps femoris

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30
Q

Adductor canal

A

Lateral = vastus medialis

Posterior = adductor longus + magnus

Roof = sartorius

Contents = saphenous nerve, superficial femoral artery and vein

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31
Q

Anterior compartment of lower leg

A

Nerve: deep peroneal

Artery: anterior tibial

Muscles: extensors, anterior tibial, peroneus tertius

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32
Q

Lateral compartment of lower leg

A

Nerve: superficial peroneal

Artery: peroneal

Muscles: peroneus brevis + longus

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33
Q

Posterior compartment of lower leg

A

Nerve: tibial

Artery: posterior tibial

Muscles (superficial): gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris

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34
Q

Femoral canal

A

Lateral = femoral vein

Medial = lacunar ligament

Anterior = inguinal ligament

Posterior = pectineal ligament

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35
Q

Femoral triangle

A

Superior = inguinal ligament

Medial = adductor longus

Lateral = sartorius

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36
Q

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (AD)

A 
aka von Recklinghausen's disease: CATCHES
Cafe au lait (>6)
Axillary freckling
Tumours of nervous system
Cutaneous neurofibromata
HTN
Eye features (lisch nodules)
Scoliosis
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37
Q

Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (AD)

A

Bilateral acoustic neuromas (key)
Other tumours of nervous system
Fewer cutaneous features

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38
Q

Borders of Hesselbach’s triangle

A 
Lateral = Inferior epigastric artery
Inferior = Inguinal ligament
Medial = Linea semilunaris (lateral border of rectus muscle)

Within = direct hernia (so inferior to inferior epigastric artery)

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39
Q

Richter’s hernia

A

Only part of bowel herniates meaning strangulation can occur without obstruction. More common in femoral hernia

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40
Q

Deep ring

A

Opens at midpoint of inguinal ligament into transversalis fascia

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41
Q

Inguinal canal - MALT

A

Start superiorly

Roof = Muscles - internal oblique and transversus abdominis

Anterior = Aponeurosis - external oblique and aponeurosis internal oblique

Floor = Ligaments - inguinal ligament and lacunar ligament

Back wall = T - Transversalis fascia and conjoint Tendon

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42
Q

Cystic hygroma

A

Anterior triangle

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43
Q

Branchial cyst

A

Posterior triangle (as follows branchial growth)

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44
Q

Complications from surgery: Ivor Lewis Surgery / Pneumonectomy

A

Chile leak as lymphatics damaged (thoracic duct)

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45
Q

Complications from surgery: Pelvic cancer surgery

A

Pelvic autonomic nerves

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46
Q

Complications from surgery: Parotidectomy

A

Facial nerve

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47
Q

Complications from surgery: Ligating spleen

A

Tail of pancreas

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48
Q

Complications from surgery: Liver mobilation

A

Hepatic vein

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49
Q

Complications from surgery: Open hernia repair

A

Testicular vessels

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50
Q

Complications from surgery: Colonic / gynae resections

A

Ureters

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51
Q

Complications from surgery: Use of Verres Needle

A

Bowel perforation

52
Q

Origin of cystic artery

A

Right hepatic artery

53
Q

Salter Harris Fractures

A

SALTR

I - Straight through
II - Above
III - Lower
IV - Through everything
V - rammed (crushed)
54
Q

SE of drugs: tacrolimus

A

Impaired glucose tolerance

55
Q

SE of drugs: azathioprine

A

Alopecia

Myelosuppression

56
Q

SE of drugs: MMF

A

GI and BM suppression

57
Q

SE of drugs: ciclosporin

A

Renal failure

58
Q

Recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations

A

Bankart’s lesion

59
Q

Proximal Humerus

A

Anatomical neck = head and tuberosities - greatest risk of avascular necrosis if fractured

Surgical neck = tuberosities and epiphysis (inferior)

60
Q

Total oesophagectomy

A

Also known as Mckeown

For proximal oesophageal cancer

To mobilise oesophagus short gastric vessels ligated

61
Q

Trigeminal branches exit

A

Standing Room Only

Superior orbital fissure

Foramen rotundam

Foramen ovale

62
Q

Trigeminal niche muscular innervation (V3)

A

Tensor veli palatini
Mylohyoid
Anterior belly of digastric
Tensor tympani

63
Q

Pancreatitis criteria

A

PANCREAS

PaO2 < 60
Age > 55
Neutrophils > 15
Calcium < 2 mmol
Raised urea > 16
Enzyme (lactate) > 600
Albumin < 32
Sugar > 10mmol
64
Q

Littres hernia

A

Hernia with Meckel’s within

65
Q

Foramen ovale

A 
Otic ganglion
V3
Lesser petrosal nerve
Accessory meningeal artery
Emissary veins

Most in sphenoid

66
Q

Foramen spinosum

A

Meningeal spine

Middle meningeal artery
Meningeal branch of the Mandibular nerve

67
Q

Foramen rotundum

A

Maxillary nerve (V2)

68
Q

Foramen lacerum/ carotid canal

A

Base of the medial pterygoid plate.
Nerve and artery of the pterygoid canal
Internal carotid artery*

69
Q

Jugular foramen

A

Temporal bone

Anterior: inferior petrosal sinus

Intermediate: IX, X, XI.

Posterior: sigmoid sinus (becoming the internal jugular vein)

70
Q

Foramen magnum

A

Occipital bone

Anterior and posterior spinal arteries
Vertebral arteries
Medulla oblongata

71
Q

Stylomastoid foramen

A

Stylomastoid artery

Facial nerve

72
Q

Superior orbital fissure

A

Recurrent meningeal artery
Superior ophthalmic vein
Nerves: III, IV, VI, V1

73
Q

Superior and middle thyroid vein

A

Internal jugular vein

74
Q

Inferior thyroid vein

A

brachiocephalic vein

75
Q

Inferior thyroid artery

A

Thyrocervical artery

76
Q

Decrease gastric secretions

A

CCK
Secretin
VIP - inhibit gastric acid and pepsin
Somatostatin

77
Q

CCK

A

Relaxes sphincter of oddi and contracts GB + reduces gastric motility

78
Q

Gastrin

A

Increase HCl + increases gastric motility + trophic effect on gastric mucosa

Also released are histamine and pepsin

79
Q

Secretin

A

Increase bicarb rich fluid

80
Q

Somatostatin

A

Decreases everything and stimulates gastric mucous production

81
Q

Absent a waves

A

Atrial fibrillation

a wave = atrial pressure

82
Q

Cannon a wave

A

Complete heart block

a wave = atrial pressure - caused by atrial contractions against a closed tricuspid valve

83
Q

Large a wave

A

RVH, tricuspid stenosis

a wave = atrial pressure - caused by atrial contractions against a closed tricuspid valve

84
Q

Prominent v waves

A

Tricuspid regurg

v wave = passive filling of blood into the atrium against a closed tricuspid valve

85
Q

Slow y descent

A

Tricuspid stenosis, right atrial myxoma

y wave = opening of tricuspid valve

86
Q

Steep y descent

A

Right ventricular failure, constrictive pericarditis, tricuspid regurgitation

y wave = opening of tricuspid valve

87
Q

Bainbridge reflex

A

Increase HR due to very rapid infusion of blood

88
Q

Colliquative necrosis

A

Seen in CNS

89
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis

A

Malignant HTN

90
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

TB

91
Q

Lynch Syndrome (HNPCC) (can identify if fulfil Amsterdam criteria)

A

REGP - MSH1 & 2 (mismatch repair gene mutation)

Right sided colonic (mucinous)
Endometrial
Gastric
Pancreatic

92
Q

FAP

A

Left sided colonic
Duodenal adenoma

APC

93
Q

Gardner’s syndrome

A

Subtype of FAP - APC gene

FAP + desmoid tumours and mandibular osteomas

94
Q

Cowden syndrome

A

PTEN

Hamartoma
Breast
Thyroid

95
Q

MYH associated polyposis

A

MYH

Increased risk of kras being knocked out

96
Q

Peutz Jeugers

A

LKB1

97
Q

Malrotation

A

Ladd’s procedure

98
Q

Atresia (usually in 24 hrs)

A

Duodenal - double bubble

Ileal - air fluid levels

99
Q

Pyloric stenosis

A

Ramstedt procedure

100
Q

Biliary atresia

A

Pathological jaundice

Kasai procedure

101
Q

Path both sciatic foramina

A

PIN

Pudendal nerve
Internal pudendal artery
Nerve to obturator internus

102
Q

Broca’s area

A

Supplied by middle cerebral artery

103
Q

Pre/perimenopausal breast cancer

A

Tamoxifen

104
Q

Postmenopausal breast cancer

A

Letrozole

105
Q

5FU

A

Antimetabolite - copies uracil in RNA

106
Q

Anthracyclines (-rubicin)

A

Intercalation of DNA

Cardiotoxic

107
Q

Taxanes (have tax in name)

A

Microtubule disruption

108
Q

Chemo for breast cancer

A

FEC

Fluorauracil
Epirubicin
Cyclophosphamide

109
Q

Tunica vaginalis is derived from

A

Peritoneum

110
Q

Testicular artery

A

Derived from abdominal aorta immediately inferior to renal arteries

111
Q

Scrotum

A

Skin
Dartos fascia
Tunica vaginalis

Lymph = inguinal

112
Q

Multiple lytic and lucent areas (Soap bubble) appearances

A

Osteoclastoma

113
Q

Mixed sclerotic and lytic areas

A

Osteosarcoma

114
Q

Periosteal reaction (onion skinning)

A

Ewing’s sarcoma

115
Q

Osteoid osteoma

A

Commonest in 10-25 y.o.
Pain responds to NSAIDS
Lucent centre surrounded by reactive sclerosis

116
Q

Osteochondroma

A

Pedunculated lesion arising from metaphysis

117
Q

Chondroma

A

Usually ribs etc (not long bones)

118
Q

A - delta fibres

A

Myelinated pain receptors

119
Q

C fibres

A

Unmyelinated pain receptors

120
Q

B fibres

A

Autonomic

121
Q

A - beta fibres

A

Touch

122
Q

A - gamma

A

Proprioception

123
Q

Transpyloric plane (L1) (12 of them)

A 
Pylorus stomach
Left kidney hilum (L1- left one!)
Fundus of the gallbladder
Neck of pancreas
Duodenojejunal flexure
Superior mesenteric artery
Portal vein
Left and right colic flexure
Root of the transverse mesocolon
2nd part of the duodenum
Upper part of conus medullaris
Spleen
124
Q

T8

A

Vena Cava and phrenic nerve

125
Q

T10

A

Oesophagus and Thoracic duct

126
Q

T12

A

Aorta and vagus nerve

Finals PACES (12 decks)

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