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Finals PACES > Anatomy 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Transfer to burns centre

A

Need burn shock resuscitation
Face/hands/genitals affected
Deep partial thickness or full thickness burns
Significant electrical/chemical burns

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2
Q

IV fluids in burns

A

Burn of:

10% in children
15% in adults

Volume of fluid = total body surface area of the burn % x weight (Kg) x 4
Half of the fluid is administered in the first 8 hours.

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3
Q

IVC tributaries (no functional valves)

A

I Like To Rise So High

Iliac
Lumbar
Testicular
Renal
Suprarenal
Hepatic vein
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4
Q

Lymphatic sarcomas

A

SCARE:

Synovial sarcoma
Clear cell sarcoma 
Angiosarcoma 
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Epithelioid sarcoma
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5
Q

External Carotid Branches

A

Some Attendings Like Freaking Out Potential Medical Students

Superior thyroid (ant)
Ascending pharyngeal (deep)
Lingual (ant)
Facial (ant)
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Maxillary
Superior temporal
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6
Q

Inhibits cell wall formation

A

Beta-lactams:
Cephalosporins
Penicillins

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7
Q

Aminoglycosides (gentamicin)

A

Causes misreading of mRNA inhibiting protein synthesis

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8
Q

Erythromycin (macrolides)

A

Inhibit protein synthesis

Also tetracycline
Fusidic acid
Chloramphenicol

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9
Q

Rifampicin

A

Inhibit RNA synthesis

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10
Q

MEN II (RET Cr10)

A

A:
Medullary thyroid cancer
Phaeochromocytoma
Parathyroid

B: A +
Mucosal neuroma
Marfanoid appearance

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11
Q

MEN I (MENIN Cr11)

A

Parathyroid
Pancreatic
Pituitary

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12
Q

Quadrate lobe (inferior)

A

Anatomically on right lobe but part of functional left lobe of liver
Lies anterior to porta hepatis

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13
Q

Caudate lobe (superior)

A

Supplied by both right and left hepatic artery and bile drains into both ducts (but anatomically in right lobe)
Lies posterior to plane of porta hepatis
Antero-lateral to IVC

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14
Q

Portal Triad

A

Hepatic artery, portal vein, bile ducts

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15
Q

Porta hepatis (postero-inferior)

A

Separates the caudate lobe behind from the quadrate lobe in front
Contains:
Common hepatic duct
Hepatic artery
Portal vein
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibres
Lymphatic drainage of the liver (and nodes)

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16
Q

Falciform ligament

A

2 layer fold peritoneum from the umbilicus to anterior liver surface

Contains ligamentum teres (remnant umbilical vein) - which joins left branch of portal vein at porta hepatis

On superior liver surface it splits into the coronary and left triangular ligaments

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17
Q

Calot’s triangle

A

Cystic duct
Hepatic duct
Inferior surface of liver

Contains cystic artery

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18
Q

Ciprofloxacin

A

Inhibits DNA gyrase

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19
Q

1st Pharyngeal arch

A

External carotid
Maxillary artery
Mandibular nerve

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20
Q

2nd Pharyngeal arch

A

Inferior branch of superior thyroid artery
Stapedial artery
Facial nerve

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21
Q

3rd Pharyngeal arch

A

Common and internal carotid
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Thymus
Inferior parathyroids

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22
Q

4th Pharyngeal arch

A

Right- subclavian artery
Left-aortic arch
Vagus nerve
Superior parathyroids

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23
Q

6th Pharyngeal arch

A

Right - Pulmonary artery
Left - Pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus
Vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerve

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24
Q

Accompanies the posterior interventricular artery within the posterior interventricular groove?

A

Middle cardiac vein

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25
Q

Coronary sinus

A

Lies on posterior surface of coronary groove
Receives blood from cardiac veins except anterior cardiac vein
Drains into right atrium

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26
Q

Great cardiac vein

A

Lies at the left of coronary groove / sinus

GREAT they LEFT me

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27
Q

Middle and small cardiac veins

A

Lie on the right of coronary groove / sinus

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28
Q

Anterior cardiac vein

A

Drains directly into right atrium

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29
Q

Right coronary artery (inferior)

A

Supplies:
Right atrium
Diaphragmatic part of the right ventricle
Posterior third of the interventricular septum
The sino atrial node (60% cases)
The atrio ventricular node (80% cases)

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30
Q

Left coronary artery

A

Branches are - left circumflex (lateral) and LAD (anterior)

Supplies:
Left atrium
Most of left ventricle
Part of the right ventricle
Anterior two thirds of the inter ventricular septum
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31
Q

Middle mediastinum

A 
Pericardium
Heart
Aortic root
Arch of azygos vein (also lies in posterior mediastinum)
Main bronchi
32
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Lies in superior and posterior mediastinum

33
Q

Phrenic nerve and superior vena cava

A

Lies in superior mediastinum

34
Q

Chorda tympani

A

Branch of facial nerve

Runs medial to pars flaccida

35
Q

The umbo

A

Marks the point of attachment of the handle of the malleus to the tympanic membrane

36
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

The medial aspect of the tympanic membrane is lined by mucous membrane
Lateral aspect is stratified epithelium
Diameter of 1cm

37
Q

Bones of ear

A

Malleus articulates with the incus (synovial joint)

Incus attaches to stapes (another synovial joint)

38
Q

Organ of corti

A

Sense organ of hearing and is located on the inside of the cochlear duct on the basilar membrane

39
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Penetrate into petrous temporal bone

40
Q

Mandibular nerve branches (V3)

A 
Auriculotemporal
Mentalis
Lingual
Inferior alveolar
Nerve to mylohyoid
41
Q

Branches of axillary artery

A

1st part - superior thoracic artery
2nd part - thoraco-acromial and lateral thoracic
3rd part - subscapular artery, anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries

42
Q

Parts of axillary artery

A

1st part - lies anterior to pec minor and medial brachial plexus
2nd part - lies posterior to pec minor and follows posterior branch of brachial plexus. The medial branch of BP separates the artery and vein
3rd part - lies inferior to pec minor. Axillary vein is medial and laterally is median nerve (anterior), musculocutaneous and coracobrachialis

43
Q

Adrenal arteries

A

Superior - inferior phrenic artery
Middle - direct from aorta
Inferior - renal artery

NB left adrenal vein drains into left kidney right into IVC (like testes)

44
Q

Branches on internal carotid

A

Only Press Carotid Arteries Momentarily

Opthalmic
Posterior communicating
Choroidal
Anterior cerebral
Middle cerebral
45
Q

Common cause of pruritus ani

A

Enterobius vermicularis

46
Q

Hookworms that anchor in proximal small bowel

A

Ancylostoma duodenale
From cutaneous penetration
Can migrate to lungs be coughed up and swallowed again
Asymptomatic but can cause IDA

47
Q

Roundworms that penetrate duodenal wall

A

Ascaris lumbricoides
From ingestion
Can migrate to lungs be coughed up and swallowed again
Eggs and larva can be seen in faeces

48
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis

A 
Hookworm from travelling person
Cutaneous penetration
Move into lungs, then swallowed
Can have larvae bursting colon
Can have resp and skin symptoms
49
Q

Cavernous sinus drains

A

via superior and inferior petrosal sinuses into internal jugular

50
Q

Cavernous sinus blood supply

A

Ophthalmic vein, superficial cortical veins, basilar plexus of veins

Sepsis can cause cavernous sinus thrombosis

51
Q

Contents of cavernous sinus

A

Lateral wall (superior to inferior):

Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Ophthalmic nerve
Maxillary nerve

Contents (from medial to lateral):

Internal carotid artery (and sympathetic plexus)
Abducens nerve

52
Q

Relation to cavernous sinus

A

The sinuses are paired and run from superior orbital bone to petrous temporal bone

Medial = pituitary fossa + sphenoid sinus

Lateral = temporal lobe

53
Q

Ameloblastomas

A

Rare tumours of the odontogenic epithelium

They are slow growing and expand with a rim of periosteum that surrounds them

Palpation and disruption of this layer that gives rise to the crepitus.

54
Q

Nasal polyps

A

Derived from ethmoid sinus mucosa

Usually semi transparent grey mass

55
Q

Exposure to hard wood dust

A

Adenocarcinoma of paranasal sinus and nasopharynx

56
Q

Originate from small salivary glands

A

Adenoid cystic carcinoma

57
Q

Majority of nasal cancers

A

Arise from lateral nasal wall

Secondly in nasal antrum

58
Q

Maxillary sinusitis causes

A

Haemophilus influenzae or Streptococcus pneumoniae
Fluid level in antrum
Symptoms - postnasal discharge, headache, toothache

59
Q

Frontoethmoidal sinusitis

A

Can have secondary CNS infection via emissary veins

60
Q

Onufs nucleus

A

Anterior horn of S2

Origin of neurones of external urethral sphincter

61
Q

Micturition

A

Overall control of micturition is centrally mediated via centres in the Pons

Somatic innervation to the bladder is via the pudendal, hypogastric and pelvic nerves

62
Q

Desiccation

A

Direct contact - low current and high voltage over a broad area (no protein damage)

63
Q

Fulguration

A

No contact - low current and high voltage over a broad area

For local superficial tissue damage

64
Q

Cutting

A

Sinusoidal and non modulated waveform

No thermal damage

65
Q

Coagulation

A

Modulated current with intermittent dampened sine waves of high peak voltage

Evaporation (not vaporisation)

66
Q

Layers of scrotum

A

Some Damned Examiner Called It The Testes

  1. Skin
  2. Dartos fascia and muscle
  3. External spermatic fascia
  4. Cremasteric muscle and fascia
  5. Internal spermatic fascia
  6. Parietal layer of the tunica vaginalis
67
Q

Layers of spermatic cord

A

Internal spermatic fascia - from transversalis fascia
Cremasteric fascia - internal oblique
External spermatic fascia - external oblique

68
Q

Artery of vas deferens

A

Arise from internal vesical artery

69
Q

Cremasteric artery

A

Arise from internal epigastric artery

70
Q

Ansa cervalis

A

C1,2,3
Lies anterior to carotid sheath
GOSS

Glenohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid

71
Q

Weber’s syndrome

A

Midbrain (posterior circulation) infarction

Ipsilateral III palsy
Contralateral weakness

72
Q

Superficial to Extensor retinaculum

A

Basilic vein
Dorsal cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve
Cephalic vein
Superficial branch of the radial nerve

73
Q

Radial artery passes between

A

Lateral collateral ligament of the wrist joint and the tendons of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis

74
Q

T2 RCC and above

A

Radical resection. No need for adjuvant therapy

75
Q

Lords procedure

A 
Smaller hydroceles (is plicated)
Reduced complication rates
76
Q

Hemicraniotomy indications

A

Age under 60 years

Clinical deficit in middle cerebral artery territory

Decreased consciousness

> 50% territory infarct

Finals PACES (12 decks)

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