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Fiser absite > Chapter 1 - Cell Biology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Cell membrane can be described as?

A

A lipid bilayer that contains protein channels, enzymes and receptors

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2
Q

Cholesterol does what for the membrane?

A

Increases membrane fluidity

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3
Q

The inside of the cell is + or - to outside and based on what?

A

Negative, Na/K ATPase (3Na+ out/2K+ in)

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4
Q

The Na+ gradient across a cell membrane is used for what?

A

Cotransport of clugose proteins and other molecules

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5
Q

Extracellular fluid plasma cations: Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium?

A

Na+ 140, K+ 4, Ca2+ 5, Mg+2

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6
Q

Intracellular cations: Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium?

A

Na+ 12, K+ 150, Ca2+ 10(-7), Mg+7

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7
Q

Extracellular plasma anions: Chloride, bicarb, SO4 2-, HPO4 3-, Protein, Organic Ions?

A

Cl- 103, HCO3 24, SO4 1, HPO4 2, Protein 16, Organic anions 5

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8
Q

Intracellular fluid anions: Chloride, bicarb, SO4 2-, HPO4 3-, Protein, Organic Ions?

A

Cl- 3, HCO3 10, SO4 -, HPO4 116, Protein 40, Organic anions -

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9
Q

What are desmosomes/Hemidesmosomes?

A

Adhesion molecules (cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix), which anchor cells

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10
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

cell-cell occluding junctions and form an impermeable barrier (ie epithelium)

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11
Q

What are Gap junctions?

A

They allow communucation between cells (connexin subunits)

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12
Q

What are G-Proteins?

A

Intramembrane proteins, transduce signal from receptor to response enzyme

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13
Q

What are ligand triggered protein kinases?

A

receptor and response enzyme are a single transmembrane protein

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14
Q

ABO blood type antigens are what type of antigen?

A

Glycolipids on cell membrane

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15
Q

HLA-type antigens are what type of antigen?

A

Glycoproteins on cell membrane

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16
Q

This cell cycle type is the most variable and determines cell cycle length?

A

G1

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17
Q

Growth factors affect the cell during what phase?

A

G1

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18
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Centromere attachment, spindle formation, nucleus disappears

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19
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

chromosomes align

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20
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

chromosomes pull apart

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21
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

A separate nucleus reforms around each set of chromosomes

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22
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

contractile ring forms and cells divide

23
Q

What type of membrane does the nucleus have?

A

double membrane with the outer membrane contiguous with the RER

24
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Area inside the nucleus, no membrane, where ribosomes are made

25
Q

What happens in transcription?

A

DNA strand is used as a template by RNA polymerase for synthesis of an mRNA strand

26
Q

What are transcription factors?

A

They bind to DNA and help the transcription of genes

27
Q

How do steroid hormones work?

A

They bind to receptors in the cytoplasm, then enter nucleus, and acts as transcription factor

28
Q

Thyroid hormone works how?

A

binds receptor in the nucleus and then acts as a transcription factor

29
Q

Other transcription factors include?

A

AP-1, NF-KB, STAT, NFAT

30
Q

How do initiation factors work?

A

They bind RNA polymerase and initiate transcription

31
Q

How does a DNA PCR work?

A

Uses oligonucleotidesto amplify specific DNA sequences

32
Q

Purines include?

A

Guanine, adenine

33
Q

Pyrimidines include?

A

cytosine, thymidine, uracil

34
Q

how do the nucleic acids bind together?

A

G-C with 1 H bond. A to T or U with 2 H bonds

35
Q

What is translation?

A

Occurs when mRNA is used as a template by ribisomes for the synthesis of proteins

36
Q

In glycolysis, 1 glucose generates what?

A

2 ATP and 2 Pyruvate molecules

37
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

A

On the inner matrix of the mitochonria memranes. NADH/FADH2 is created

38
Q

What is Gluconeogenesis and when is it utilized?

A

Mechanism by which lactic acid and amino acids are converted to glucose. Used in times of starvation or stress.

39
Q

Why can’t fat and lipids be used for gluconeogenesis?

A

Because acetyl CoA (breakdown product of fat metabolism) cannot be converted back to pyruvate.

40
Q

What is the Cori cycle?

A

An elegant mechanism for the hepatic conversion of muscle lactate into new glucose. Pyruvate plays a key role in this process.

41
Q

What happens in the RER and in what tissue is it increased?

A

Synthesizes proteins that exported. Increased in pancreatic acinar cells

42
Q

What happens in the SER and in what tissue is it increased?

A

Lipid/steroid synthesis, detoxification of drugs. Increased in the liver and adrenal cortex.

43
Q

What happens in the Golgi apparatus?

A

modifies proteins with carbohydrates; proteins are then transported to the cellular membrane, are secreted, or are targted to lysosomes

44
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

they have digestive enzymes that degrade engulfed particles and worn out organelles

45
Q

What are Phagosomes?

A

They engulf large particles and fuse with lysosomes

46
Q

What are endosomes?

A

They engulf small particles and fuse with lysosomes

47
Q

Protein kinase C is activated by what and does what?

A

Activated by calcium and Diacylglycerol (DAG). It phosphorylates other enzymes and proteins.

48
Q

Protein kinase A is activated by what and does what?

A

activated by cAMP . It phosphorylates other enzymes and proteins

49
Q

What is Myosin?

A

Thick filament of muscle. Uses ATP to slide along actin to cause muscle contraction

50
Q

What is Actin?

A

Thin filaments, interact with myosin

51
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

Keratin (hair/nails), desmin (muscle), vimentin (fibroblasts)

52
Q

What do microtubules do?

A

form specialized cellular structures- cilia, neuronal axons, mitotic spindles. Involved in the transport of organelles (latticework)

53
Q

What are centrioles?

A

specialized microtubule involved in cell division (spindle fibers that pull chromosomes apart)

Fiser absite (58 decks)

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