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Geography > Shaping places - Regenerating places - How and why do places vary? > Flashcards

Shaping places - Regenerating places - How and why do places vary? Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four economic sectors?

A

The four economic sectors are primary (farming, mining), secondary (manufacturing), tertiary (retail services, office work) and quaternary (scientific research, ICT).

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2
Q

How have economic processes affected places over time?

A

In general:

  • Rural areas have more primary employment in farming, mining, quarrying and fishing; this tends to be low paid, manual work.
  • There is more secondary employment in northern cities such as Manchester, Sheffield and Glasgow, but this has declined over time.
  • Tertiary, or service sector, jobs are concentrated in urban areas but these vary from cleaners on minimum wage to very high paid professionals like lawyers.
  • Quaternary jobs in research and development and hi-tech industries are found in London and the South East.
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3
Q

Where is there more secondary employment in the UK?

A

There is more secondary employment in northern cities such as Manchester, Sheffield and Glasgow, but this has declined over time.

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4
Q

Where in the UK are tertiary, or service sector, jobs concentrated?

A

Tertiary, or service sector, jobs are concentrated in urban areas but these vary from cleaners on minimum wage to very high paid professionals like lawyers.

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5
Q

Where in the UK are quaternary jobs in research and development and hi-tech industries, found?

A

Quaternary jobs in research and development and hi-tech industries are found in London and the South East.

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6
Q

Which economic sector does someone working in a factory making mobile phones work in?

A

d

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7
Q

What percentage of people are employed in management (2015) in Reading compared to in Middlesbrough?

A

Reading
9.2

Middlesbrough
7.5

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8
Q

What percentage of people are professional (lawyers, doctors) (2015) in Reading compared to in Middlesbrough?

A

Reading
28.7

Middlesbrough
13.6

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9
Q

What percentage of people are employed in caring, leisure & other services (2015) in Reading compared to in Middlesbrough?

A

Reading
7.6

Middlesbrough
12.2

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10
Q

What percentage of people are employed in manual work (2015) in Reading compared to in Middlesbrough?

A

Reading
9.6

Middlesbrough
16.7

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11
Q

Why is Reading a more economically successful place than Middlesbrough?

A

In 2015 average hourly pay for a male worker in Middlesbrough was £12.50 and in full-time employment, a male worker could expect to earn £532 a week. In Reading the figures are £14.80 and £605.

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12
Q

In 2015, what was the average hourly pay for a male worker in Middlesbrough, compared to in Reading?

A

In 2015 the average hourly pay for a male worker in Middlesbrough was £12.50 and in full-time employment, a male worker could expect to earn £532 a week. In Reading the figures are £14.80 and £605.

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13
Q

In 2015, how much could a male worker expect to earn a week in full-time employment in Middlesbrough, compared to Reading?

A

In full-time employment, a male worker could expect to earn £532 a week. In Reading the figure is £605.

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14
Q

What percentage of people in Reading are economically active (working) compared to in Middlesbrough, where part-time work (which pays less) is much more common?

A

66% of people in Reading are economically active (working) compared to 54% in Middlesbrough, where part-time work (which pays less) is much more common.

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15
Q

Why is the Gross Value Added (GVA) for Reading and Middlesbrough very different?

A

Gross Value Added (GVA) for the two places is also very different being £34,000 per person in Reading and only £17,000 in Middlesbrough.

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16
Q

What is Gross Value Added (GVA)?

A

Gross Value Added (GVA) is a measure of economic output; it is the value of goods and services per person.

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17
Q

Why are the economic characteristics of Reading and Middlesbrough different?

A

The different economic characteristics of Reading and Middlesbrough have a number of causes including differences in education and pay:

  • In 2014, 22.5% of people in Middlesbrough had no educational qualifications, versus 11.5% in Reading; 19% had a university-level qualification in Middlesbrough but the figure was 43% in Reading.
  • Middlesbrough’s manual workers earn about £350 per week, whereas Reading’s professionals earn over £700.
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18
Q

In 2014, what percentage of people in Middlesbrough had no educational qualifications, compared to in Reading?

A

In 2014, 22.5% of people in Middlesbrough had no educational qualifications, versus 11.5% in Reading.

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19
Q

In 2014, what percentage of people in Middlesbrough had a university-level qualification, compared to in Reading?

A

19% had a university-level qualification in Middlesbrough but the figure was 43% in Reading.

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20
Q

How much do Middlesbrough’s manual workers earn per week compared to Reading’s?

A

Middlesbrough’s manual workers earn about £350 per week, whereas Reading’s professionals earn over £700.

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21
Q

What are the consequences of differences in the economic characteristics of Reading and Middlesbrough?

A

These differences have led to a number of consequences:

  • Temporary, low paid and ‘zero-hours contract’ work is more common in Middlesbrough, meaning people have a lower job and income security.
  • If you were a male born in Middlesbrough in 2014 you would be expected to live to age 77, but if you were born in Reading that figure is 81.
  • In 2016 the annual uSwitch Quality of Life Index ranked Berkshire (where Reading is located) 6th out of 138 UK regions, but South Teesside (Middlesbrough) was ranked 129th.
  • Health - measured by the percentage of long-term sick and disabled - is very high in Middlesbrough compared to Reading.
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22
Q

What is the difference in male life expectancy between Reading and Middlesbrough?

A

If you were a male born in Middlesbrough in 2014 you would be expected to live to age 77, but if you were born in Reading that figure is 81.

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23
Q

In 2016, where did the annual uSwitch Quality of Life Index rank Berkshire (where Reading is located), compared to South Teesside (Middlesbrough)?

A

In 2016 the annual uSwitch Quality of Life Index ranked Berkshire (where Reading is located) 6th out of 138 UK regions, but South Teesside (Middlesbrough) was ranked 129th.

24
Q

What is quality of life measured by?

A

Quality of life is usually measured using a composite index. The uSwitch Index combines housing affordability, energy costs, broadband availability, average incomes, crime rates and other measures to rank UK regions.

25
Q

What do explanations for differences between places focus on?

A

Explanations for differences between places focus on economic and population change over time.

26
Q

What are the four economic functions?

A

The places we live in have a range of economic functions which reveal themselves in the land use of urban and rural places:

  • Administrative: council offices, schools and other public services like clinics and hospitals.
  • Commercial: offices of service industries such as legal services, accountants.
  • Retail: shops that range in size from small to malls.
  • Industrial: factories, warehouse and distribution centres.
27
Q

Why do the economic functions of places change over time?

A

This change over time is based on economic health:

  • Industrial land use in Middlesbrough has declined since the 1970s due to factory closures.
  • In Reading commercial functions have grown due to the success of the area’s service sector, plus the location of some companies in the quaternary industrial sector such as Oracle, Microsoft and Intel.
28
Q

What does Reading’s higher proportion of people in the 20-44 age category suggest, compared to Middlesbrough?

A

Reading has a much higher proportion of people in the 20-44 age category suggesting young professional workers, whereas there are more older and retired people in Middlesbrough.

29
Q

In 2011, what percentage of Reading’s residents were white British compared to in Middlesbrough?

A

In 2011, 65% of Reading’s residents were white British compared to 86% in Middlesbrough?

30
Q

What is ethnic composition

A

Ethnic composition is the ethnic group make-up of a population. In the UK the main groups are white, Asian and black. Ethnicity is different from nationality (country of origin).

31
Q

How can the changes and relative success of Middlesbrough and Reading be explained in terms of accessibility?

A

Middlesbrough
Not on the UK motorway network or a mainline train route.
A long distance north of London, the economic core.

Reading
Located on the M4, just west of London with very good rail links.
Benefits from its proximity to London.

32
Q

How can the changes and relative success of Middlesbrough and Reading be explained in terms of connectedness?

A

Middlesbrough
The local airport, Durham Tees Valley, is closing down.
Limited higher education opportunities.

Reading
Close to the global hub airport of Heathrow.
Very close to many major universities, including Reading.

33
Q

How can the changes and relative success of Middlesbrough and Reading be explained in terms of history?

A

Middlesbrough
A centre for industrial revolution mining, shipping, engineering, steel and petrochemicals; however, many of these industries have now closed.

Reading
Part of the M4 growth corridor west of London, it has become a centre for footloose industry and services since the 1970s.

34
Q

How can the changes and relative success of Middlesbrough and Reading be explained in terms of planning?

A

Middlesbrough
Almost a forgotten corner of the North East, it has never benefited from government regional investment.

Reading
A London ‘overspill’ town beyond London’s greenbelt; close to rural areas, it is an attractive place to live.

35
Q

What are footloose industries?

A

Footloose industries are those that can be located anywhere; they are not tied to locations by natural resources or fixed infrastructure.

36
Q

What are greenbelts?

A

Greenbelts are land surrounding cities that cannot be built on, usually farmland. Development sometimes ‘leapfrogs’ the greenbelt, benefiting places just beyond the greenbelt edge.

37
Q

How can change be measured?

A

Change can be measured using employment trends, demographic change and changes to deprivation levels.

38
Q

What happened to Middlesbrough’s population between 1991 to 2011?

A

Middlesbrough’s population of 146,000 in 1991 had fallen to 138,400 by 2011.

39
Q

What happened to Reading’s population between 1991 to 2011?

A

Reading’s population grew from 136,000 in 1991 to 155,000 in 2011.

40
Q

How many digital economy jobs did Reading, and nearby Bracknell, gain by 2016?

A

Reading, and nearby Bracknell, had gained over 40,000 digital economy jobs by 2016.

41
Q

What are digital economy jobs?

A

Digital economy jobs are those in industries like mobile technology, ICT, software design and app development.

42
Q

What is the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)?

A

This is an attempt to quantify deprivation in England. It uses seven data domains which are weighted towards income and employment. The IMD is a very ‘fine-grained’ index because it splits England into nearly 33,000 small areas with about 1500 people each.

43
Q

Why is the IMD a very ‘fine-grained’ index?

A

The IMD is a very ‘fine-grained’ index because it splits England into nearly 33,000 small areas with about 1500 people each.

44
Q

What are the seven domains of the Index of Multiple Deprivation?

A 
Income
Employment
Education
Health
Crime
Barriers to housing and services
Living environment
45
Q

Where was Middlesbrough ranked compared to Reading using 2015 IMD data for 326 local council areas in England?

A

Using the 2015 IMD data for 326 local council areas in England, Middlesbrough was the 7th most deprived area in England whereas Reading was 147th with less than half the level of deprivation in Middlesbrough. Reading’s rank may seem a little high, i.e. deprived, but the very lowest levels of deprivation tend to be found in rural areas and commuter belt towns and villages in the South and South East.

46
Q

What is deprivation?

A

Deprivation means lacking things that are considered normal by society, such as a job, decent income, warm secure housing or access to healthcare. Multiple deprivation means lacking several of these.

47
Q

How many data domains are combined with the Index of Multiple Deprivation?

A

It uses seven domains which are weighted towards income and employment.

48
Q

What forces shape Reading and Middlesbrough?

A

Global
International
National
Regional

49
Q

How can global forces shape Reading and Middlesbrough?

A

Reading
Global brands like Verizon, Oracle, Microsoft, Cisco, PepsiCo and Vodaphone have all located in Reading International Business Park.
Many globally known tourist sites (Windsor Castle, Ascot racecourse) are close by.

Middlesbrough
The global shift of manufacturing industry has led to factory closures and a loss of jobs. Global competition has made its steel and petrochemicals industries less profitable.

50
Q

How can international forces shape Reading and Middlesbrough?

A

Reading
Close to the economic core of the EU, and within the EU single market.
The EU is easily accessible by air, road (Channel Tunnel) and ferries.

Middlesbrough
Middlesbrough has received EU economic development funding as a ‘Transition Region’, but less than areas like Cornwall and Wales.

51
Q

How can national forces shape Reading and Middlesbrough?

A

Reading
High transport spending in the South and South East has provided connections; the M4, Heathrow airport, the M40 and M3.

Middlesbrough
It is located in a ‘cut-off’ corner of the North East, too far east of the A1 trunk road and east coast mainline railway.

52
Q

How can regional forces shape Reading and Middlesbrough?

A

Reading
London’s greenbelt has made Reading a nearby alternative where development is allowed.
Migrants are attracted to Reading, being close to their UK entry point. Within the M4 corridor (‘Silicon Valley’), it is the preferred location for high-tech industry in the UK.
Many people live in the area but commute to London.

Middlesbrough
Iron ore deposits, which were in part the origin of Middlesbrough’s industrial growth, were exhausted decades ago.
There are poor road connections to nearby cities such as Leeds and Newcastle, and very poor rail connections.
It is close to the North York Moors National Park, but not close enough to benefit from tourism.

53
Q

How might people’s identity be affected?

A

Their identity may be affected if they perceive they are living in an area that has a positive or negative image.

54
Q

What does identity refer to?

A

Identity refers to people’s feeling and perceptions, and their shared beliefs, traditions and ways of life. It can create a sense of community and feeling part of a wider group of similar people.

55
Q

Why are students, other young workers and migrants affected by images and perceptions?

A
  • Young people may feel that they want to leave a place with a poor image.
  • People are attracted to places with positive images.
  • There are likely to be more job opportunities in places with attractive images, because companies, like people, are attracted to them.
56
Q

Name two global companies that have located in Reading.

A

Verizon, Oracle

57
Q

Since 2010, how has the UK Government attempted to measure ‘national wellbeing’?

A

Since 2010, the UK Government has attempted to measure ‘national wellbeing’ by conducting a survey asking people about how they feel about their lives.

Geography (25 decks)

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