BMS 108 Quiz #3 Study Guide Flashcards
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When checking blood pressure, what sounds are you listening for?
Korotkov’s sounds
What is blood pressure measured with?
A sphygmomanometer
What is the timing relationship between the onset of the ECG and pulse onset? Why?
The beat of the pulse peaks after the depolarization of the ventricles because it takes time to push the blood’s pressure wave from the ventricles to the arteries producing a pulse.
What does ECG measure?
Electrical activity of the heart that leads to contraction
What is the atomic mass of an atom?
The sum total of its protons and neutrons.
What is atomic mass measured in?
Daltons
What is a mole?
A term that represents a specific number, in this case - 6.02 x 10 to the 23rd power.
Why is a mole important?
A mole is equal in to the molecular weight of a substance expressed in grams instead of daltons.
What is a solute?
Any substance that dissolves in water to form a solution.
What is molarity?
The measure of a concentration of a particular solute in a solution. Defined as number of moles per liter.
What is osmolarity?
The measure of concentration of ALL dissolved solutes in a solution.
What does the pH scale measure?
Concentration of hydrogen atoms in a solution.
The pH scale is a _______ scale.
logarithmic
If the pH of a solution changes from 1 to 2, how much less acidic does the solution become?
ten times less
What is the most important buffer system in the body?
The carbonic acid - bicarbonate system
H2CO3 <==> HCO3- + H+
If the concentration of free hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution is 10 -5 pwr, with is the pH?
5
What is osmosis?
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
What is Brownian Motion?
random movement of molecules
Movement requires energy. What is the source of energy for the kinetic activity that results in Brownian Motion?
Radiant heat or light
Why does lettuce become limp when you add salad dressing to the salad too long before the meal begins?
The water from the lettuce is sucked out because the salad dressing is a hypertonic solution.
What is tonicity?
Relative % of solutes in a solution (ECF vs. ICF)
What is a hypertonic solution? Hypotonic? Isotonic?
Hypertonic - Greater % of solutes in ECF compared to ICF
Hypotonic - Greater % of solutes in ICF compared to ECF
Isotonic - Equal % of solutes in ICF and ECF
Fruit preserves such as jams and jellies are relatively inhospitable to bacterial and fungal growth. Jars of these preserves can be reopened and used many times over, yet they rarely spoil. Use your knowledge of osmosis to explain this phenomenon.
Bacteria is being killed because the water in the bacteria is being sucked out of the cell and into the jam. The jam is hypertonic.
Why is salt used to preserve meat and other foods?
Salt creates a hypertonic environment around whatever it is preserving like meat.
If you were shipwrecked in the middle of the ocean, why would it be unwise to drink seawater?
It would cause too much water to leave your cells because of osmosis. The seawater is hypertonic. This would result in the cells of your body being unable to perform the chemical reactions to keep you alive.
What is a reflex?
A rapid, unconscious, stereotyped response to a stimulus.
What is a myostatic reflex?
a stretch reflex (e.g. patellar reflex)
Cold, excitement, fear, anticipation, or any other sort of stress usually causes pre-stretching in a muscle. What is this state of heightened responsiveness called?
facillitation
What is the Babinski reflex? What is it used to test for?
Stroke the sole of the foot with a blunt probe. A normal adult response is to curl the toes (negative Babinski), a positive Babinski is dorsiflexion of the big toe and fanning the other four toes. This is normal in newborns but in adults it indicates that the brain’s connection to the spinal column has been severed.
Is the blink reflex present in an unconcious person? What about pupillary reflex?
No; yes
For the corneal reflex - do both eyes respond when only one is stimulated? If so, you are seeing a direct response in the stimulated eye and what kind of response in the other, unstimulated eye? What characteristics of a reflex arc allow for this response?
Yes; Consensual; The opthamalic sensory nerve has two synapses in the sensory nucleus of CN 5 - one for the ipsilateral facial motor nerve and another for the contralateral facial motor nerve via the motor nucleus of CN 7.
The pupillary reflex is consensual. If the consensual response was missing, waht would this imply about the neurological health of the subject?
That there was damage to the oculomotor nerve to the contralateral eye.
Why is it harder to balance with your eyes closed?
You are taking away one of the sensory inputs to the cerebellum that help you maintain balance. Which means the cerebellum has to rely more on proprioreceptors and the vestibular apparatus.
Why is it harder to balance with your eyes closed and head tilted back?
You are throwing off your vestibular apparatus in addition to taking away visual information from the cerebellum.
What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex?
Slight, involuntary movements of the eye essential for stabilizing vision during head movement.
What is post-rotary nystagmus?
When your eyes flick back and forth after stopping a period of rotation.
What is the mammalian dive reflex?
This reflex induces breath holding, decreased heart rate, vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the extremities, increase in blood pressure and decrease in overall metabolic rate.
How is the strength of a lens measured?
Strength (diopters) = 1/focal length (meters)